Biology Review Module Chapters 5 8

Review Questions for Chapters 5-8 1. What do all living organisms need to sustain life? Order, homeostasis, grow and develop, energy, respond to the environment, reproduce, populations evolve 2. What is energy? Capacity to do work: make change in matter 3. What are the different types of energy? Potential and kinetic 4. How do we measure energy? Why? Joules 5. What is the study of energy? Physics? thermodynamics 6. What is a calorie? Either of 2 units of heat energy – 1000 cal, measurement of heat energy 7. What is a Calorie? 1 kilocalorie, food calorie 8. What is the First Law of Thermodynamics? Energy can be transformed, but not created or destoryed 9. Why is heat lost in biological systems? Due to friction of particles and the body as a whole, some energy is converted to heat 10. Where does new energy come from? How is most energy lost (in what form)? food; heat 11. What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics? Whenever energy changes form some is lost to the environment as low-quality energy, not 100% efficient 12. What is entropy? Measure the amount of disorder or randomness in a system 13. How do you make a reaction go that requires energy? Activation energy 14. What is activation energy? Is the energy that activates the reactants in the chemical reaction; triggers a chemical reaction to proceed 15. What is an enzyme and how do they work? Proteins that speed up chemical reactions 16. What factors affect how well enzymes work? Tempeture, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and inhibitors 17. How does an enzyme inhibitor work? can inhibit a metabolic reaction; some bind to the active site as substrate imposters; bind at a remote site changing the enzymes shape 18. What is ATP and what is it used for? Energy currency in all cells; like an energy shuttle storing energy obtained from food and then releasing it as needed at a later time 19. How do you get energy from ATP? Releasing one phosphate ATPADPAMP 20. What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis? Diffusion is passive transport, no energy needed; osmosis is the passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane, uses energy 21. What is hyper, hypo and isotonic? Hyper is higher concertation; hypo is lower concentration; isotonic is equal solute concentration 22. What happens to red blood cells if you place them in a hyperosmotic, hypoosmotic or isosmotic? Hyper cell shrivels up from water loss; hypo swells and burst due to osmosis; isotonic cells volume remains constant b/c the cell gains water at the same rate it loses water 23. Be able to look at two solutions and tell which is hyper or hypoosmotic. 24. Be able to look at two solutions and tell which way osmosis will occur? 25. What is a producer? Consumer? Producers – plants and autotrophs; consumer – heterotrophs 26. What is a receptor? Cell surface receptor are specialized integral membrane proteins that take part in combination between the cell and outside world 27. What is an autotroph? Heterotroph? 28. Know examples of each for 25-27. 29. What is the difference between cellular respiration and breathing? Cellular respiration requires a cell to exchange gases with its surrounding, breathing exchanges these gases between the blood and outside air 30. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? 31. What is the equation for photosynthesis 6CO₂+6H₂O+light energy=C₆H₁₂+6O₂ 32. What is the equation for cellular respiration? C₆H₁₂+6O₂=6CO₂+6H₂O+ATP 33. Where does photosynthesis occur? Chloroplasts 34. Know where the reactants and products of cellular respiration and photosynthesis come from and are used. 35. What is an electron transport chain used for? Releases the energy your cell needs to make the most of their ATP 36. What are the steps of photosynthesis? Light reaction converts solar energy to chemical energy  Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide 37. What occurs at each step of photosynthesis? Light reaction – sunlight is a type a type of energy called radiation or electromagnetic energy and is part of the electromagnetic spectrum which chloroplasts absorbs and converts it into chemical energy 38. Why are plants green? Chloroplasts pigments 39. What colors are responsible for photosynthesis? Chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids 40. What are alternative forms of photosynthesis? light behaves as photos-discrete packet of energy; photosystem-group of chlorophyll and other molecules that function as a light-gathering antenna 41. What is a photosystem? photosystem-group of chlorophyll and other molecules that function as a light-gathering antenna 42. What occurs in the Calvin cycle? Function like a sugar factory w/in a chloroplast; regenerates the starting material w/each turn 43. Why is cellular respiration important? 44. Anaerobic vs. aerobic respiration anaerobic- no oxygen required; aerobic-requires oxygen 45. How much energy is made from cellular respiration? about 38 ATP 46. What is glycolysis? It’s a 6 carbon glucose molecule that is split in half to form 2 molecule of pyruvic acid; these 2 molecules then donate high energy electrons to NaD⁺ forming NADH; uses 2 ATP molecules per glucose to split the 6 carbon glucose 47. Where does it glycolysis occur? Cytoplasm and mitochondria? 48. What do you get out of glycolysis? 2 ATP and acetyl CoA 49. ~ How many ATP's does glycolysis produce? 2 50. Where do the steps of cellular respiration occur and what is important about each step? 51. Why does cellular respiration use an electron transport chain? 52. What is fermentation? Anaerobic harvest of food energy 53. When does anaerobic respiration occur? Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that provides ATP during fermentation 54. How much energy is made in anaerobic respiration? 55. What are some products of anaerobic respiration in animals and yeast? Beer wine and bread, cheese sour cream 56. What is the link between CO2 and global warming? 57. What is the greenhouse effect? Radiation from planet’s atmosphere warms the planet’s surface to a temp above wat it would be w/o its atmosphere 58. Asexual vs sexual reproduction asexual-single-cell organism reproduce by simple cell division; sexual-fertilization of egg by sperm using special type of cell division called meiosis 59. What is the benefit of sexual reproduction over asexual? Reproduction and growth and maintenance 60. How many times does the DNA replicate in mitosis? 2 61. Somatic vs. germ cells somatic-46,all cells but reproductive cells; germ-containing half the # of chromosomes of a somatic cell and able to unite with one from the opposite sex to form a new individual- gamete 62. Haploid vs. diploid haploid- having a single set of unpaired chromosomes; diploid-containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent 63. What are sister chromatids? Before a cell divides, it duplicates all of its chromosomes, resulting in 2 copies 64. What is a centromere? The sister chromatids are joined together at a narrow waist 65. What is a gene? Unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is help to determine some characteristic of the offspring 66. what is an allele? One of 2 or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome 67. How many chromosomes do Humans have? 46 68. What are the phases of the cell cycle? Interphase, prophase I and II, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis 69. What are the phases of mitosis? 70. Know what happens in each phase. 71. What is cytokinesis? Occurs during telophase, divides the cytoplasm 72. How is cytokinesis different in plants and animals? Animals-cleavage furrow; plants-cell plate 73. What are homologous chromosomes? Pairs, one from each parent 74. What is zygote? Diploid cell resulting from the fusion of 2 haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum 75. What is crossing over and why is it important? Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic info; genetic recombination 76. What causes Down syndrome extra chromosome on 21 – trisomy 21 77. What is a karyotype? Method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to #, size, and type 78. What is programmed cell death? Apoptosis 79. What is cancer? Abnormal cell growth 80. What are some of the causes of cancer? Random mutation in DNA, chemical or physical mutagen, UV radiation, tobacco, virus, inherited defective gene can predispose someone to cancer 81. What is the association between cancer and the cell cycle? 82. What causes mutations? UV radiation, tobacco 83. What is fertilization? Action or process of fertilizing an egg involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote 84. Why is sexual reproduction important? In order to continue the lineage of a species 85. When does crossing over occur? Prophase I in meiosis 86. What are some key differences between mitosis and meiosis? Meiosis has 2 rounds of genetic separation and cellular division while mitosis has one of each, meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate leading to daughter cells that are not genetically identical. Mitosis the daughter cells are identical to the parent as well as to each other 87. How do the chromosomes line up in Metaphase I of meiosis? Metaphase II? Metaphase I- line up along the midline of the cell between the 2 centrioles; metaphase II- the cell splits in 2 and the 2 chromosomes in each then line up again 88. How do the chromosomes divide in Anaphase I of meiosis? Anaphase II? Anaphase I- sister chromatids remain attached; anaphase II- sister chromatids separate 89. How many times does the DNA replicate in Meiosis? 1 90. How many cells do you begin and end for mitosis and meiosis? Mitosis- start with once cell with a full # of chromosomes and end with 2 cells with the same # of chromosomes; meiosis- start with 1 cell with a full # of chromosomes and end with 4 cells, each with half the # of chromosomes as the first cell 91. What types of cells does mitosis occur in? somatic cells 92. What types of cells does meiosis occur in? gametes/reproductive