Carbon Compounds Section 3-1

Name: Class: Date: July 07, 2022 SECTIO N 3- 1 REVIEW C ARBON C OMPOUNDS VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms and provide one example for each. 1. organic compound - any of a broad range of chemical substances where one or more carbon atoms are covalently joined to atoms of other elements, most frequently hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. For example, fructose (C6H12O6). 2. functional group – described as an atom, collection of atoms, or molecule that, whenever it arises in different compounds, exhibits similar chemical attributes. For example, aldehyde. 3. alcohol - any member of the family of organic compounds that have one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups linked to an alkyl group's carbon atom (hydrocarbon chain). For example, isopropyl 4. monomer - a molecule from any of a group of primarily organic chemicals that can combine with other molecules to produce much larger molecules, or polymers. For example, glucose. 5. Polymer - any of a group of compounds, whether organic or synthetic, that are made up of very large molecules, or macromolecules, which are variations of simpler chemical units, or monomers. For example, polyethylene. MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. D 1. Organic compounds contain a. carbon and usually other elements. b. many kinds of elements except carbon. c. only carbon. d. only carbon and hydrogen. C 2. The number of covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other atoms is a. 1. b. 2. c. 4. d. 8. B 3. A covalent bond formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons is called a a. single bond. b. double bond. c. triple bond. d. quadruple bond. A 4. The breakdown of a polymer involves a. hydrolysis. b. a condensation reaction. c. the breaking of hydrogen bonds. d. the breaking of ionic bonds. D 5. ATP releases energy when a. it undergoes a condensation reaction. b. a hydroxyl group is added to it. c. a phosphate group is added to it. d. a phosphate group is removed from it. Modern Biology Study Guide 15 Name Class Date SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. Give an example of how a functional group can affect the properties of an organic compound. Alcohols are polar substances because of the polar nature of the hydroxyl group on their molecules. Therefore, alcohols can create hydrogen bonds. 2. Arrange the following in order of size, from smallest to largest: polymer, monomer, carbon atom, macromolecule. Carbon atom, monomer, polymer, macromolecule 3. Explain how a water molecule is produced when glucose and fructose undergo a condensation reaction. A hydroxide ion, OH-, is released by the glucose molecule, and a hydrogen ion, H+, is released by the fructose molecule. Together, these two ions form water, or H2O. 4. What are the products of the hydrolysis of ATP? What else is released during this reaction? The hydrolysis products are ADP and inorganic phosphate. Energy is released. 5. Critical Thinking How would the variety of organic compounds be different if carbon had seven electrons in its outermost energy level instead of four? Because carbon could not make double or triple bonds with other atoms because it had seven electrons in its lowest energy level, substantially fewer organic molecules could be created. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Use the figure to answer the following questions. The formation of sucrose from glucose and fructose is represented by the chemical reaction shown below. Notice that this reaction can proceed in either direction. CH 2OH H C CH2OH O CH2OH H H H O C HO H OH H C C H 16 C + OH OH Section 3-1 Review C H OH C OH OH C C H CH 2OH C O CH2OH H H O C HO H OH H C C H OH C C O H OH C C C OH H + H 2O CH2OH Name: Class: Date: July 07, 2022 SECTIO N 3- 1 REVIEW GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE SUCROSE 1. What are the reactants and products of the forward (left-to-right) reaction? Glucose and Fructose are the reactants. Sucrose and Water are the products. 2. Is the forward reaction a condensation reaction or hydrolysis? Condensation rea ction 3. What are the reactants and products of the reverse (right-to-left) reaction? Sucrose and water are the reactants. Glucose and Fructose are the products. 4. Is the reverse reaction a condensation reaction or hydrolysis? Hydrolysis Modern Biology Study Guide 17