Unit 8 Cold War and Decolonization

Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization C. 1900 - present Topic 8.1 Setting the Stage for the Cold War and Decolonization Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Explain the historical context of the Cold War after 1945. Historical context of Cold War (after 1945) Big Three: USSR, Britain, US Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following World War I; however, in the years following World War II, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states. Yalta Conference (1944): Roosevelt pressed for free election in E Europe, USSR wanted Europe to be under Svoeit influence Technological and economic gains experienced during World War II by the victorious nations shifted the global balance of power. -USSR and US was the most powerful now → US cities, infastartue, state unfazed by war as war didn’t take place in their location → USSR even tho many ppl died thru WWII there was still ^pop; build industrial capacity Potsdam Conference (1945): Big Three; Truman (Amer Pres) insisted on free trade in E Eur but Stalin troops already occupied most of E Eur so the request was declined; deepened rift between USSR and US Topic 8.2 The Cold War Thematic Focus - Cultural Developments and Interactions (CDI) The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications Explain the causes and effects of the ideological struggle of the Cold War. Cold War: a state of hostility between two countries which doesn’t result in open warfare; threats, propaganda, arms race The global balance of economic and political power shifted during and after World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The democracy of the United States and the authoritarian communist Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological conflict and a power struggle between capitalism and communism across the globe. Cause of the Cold War: (USSR vs US) 1.) Competing systems of econ Capitalism: an econ system characterized by private ownership of capital goods Communism: econ system characterized by government ownership of capital goods; distributing to the people evenly -impulse to spread, ideologies seek to make the whole world in their way Groups and individuals, including the Non-Aligned Movement, opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders. Non-Aligned Movement: ● Sukarno in Indonesia; birth of the non-aligned movement ● Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana; African unity 2.) Different political systems Democracy: free election to elect their leaders Authoritarian: dominated by a single political party and had a strong despotic leader Effects of the Cold War ideological struggle: 1.) European split Soviet Bloc: parts of E Eur that was dominated by the Soviet Union; enforced communist ideologies and outlawed any other political party Marshall Plan: US aid W European nations economically due to the WWII in order to steer them away from communist ideologies Containment: US policy that tried to contain communism Truman Doctrine: military aid to countries threatened by the spread of communist (turkey) 2.) Races Arms Race: race to build bigger and bigger boms with great capacity; atomic bomb, hydrogen bomb, ballistic missile Mutual assured destruction: by the end everybody would be reduced to carbon ash Space Race: race to better us/USSR space technology to be more powerful than the other state; satellite, sent man to space, man on moon 3.) Colonial states Non-Aligned Movement: goal to represent the interest of developing countries;promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders; Africa and East Asia Topic 8.3 Effects of the Cold War Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Compare the ways in which the United States and the Soviet Union sought to maintain influence over the course of the Cold War. How Soviet Union and US maintain influence throughout the Cold War: 1.) Military alliances North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): mili alliance between US and W Eur in order to prevent the communist invasion of the Soviet Union Warsaw Pact: made in response to NATO; was between USSR and E Eur The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and led to nuclear proliferation and proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Proxy wars: ● Korean War ● Angolan Civil War ● Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua 2.) Proxy Wars Proxy Wars: indirect fighting; small localized wars where us and USSR took sides Korean War: conflict btwn the N (USSR) and S (US) Korea; US and USSR aided each side with military supplies, showing a fight btwn the two states without direct conflict Angolan Civil War (1974): conflict btwn Angolan rival groups on who would rule free Angolia; US took one groups side and USSR the other group Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua: US tried to overthrow the socialist Sandinista that was backed up the Soviet Union 3.) Nuclear Proliferation (buildup) Cuban Missile Crisis: USSR deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba however ended with a compromise between USSR and US Nuclear non-proliferation treaty: call on non-nuclear states to develop nuclear weapons Topic 8.4 Spread of Communism After 1900 Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Explain the causes and consequences of China’s adoption of communism. As a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, Chinese communists seized power. These changes in China eventually led to communist revolution. In communist China, the government controlled the national economy through the Great Leap Forward, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population. Cause of China’s adoption of communism: Chinese Revolution of 1949: marked the beginning of the Chinese Communist Party coming to power Consequences of China’s adoption of communism: Mao Zedong: was the leader of the CCP → redistributed land to peasants Great Leap Forward: reform program; collectivization of peasant lands; policy failed (harvest failed) Reeducation Camps: internment camps for ppl who rebelled Mao; intense psychological reorder to believe that Mao’s policies were good Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. Explain the causes and effects of movements to redistribute economic resources. Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism. Land and resource redistribution: ● Communist Revolution for Vietnamese independence Causes of movements to redistribute economic resources: Communism: ideology arguing that in the future all social classes will be abolished and everyone will be equal Socialism: idea that the gov would help decrease inequality through healthcare, food stamps, housing -imperial gov was too weak to stop local advancements/ rebellions Effects of movement to redistribute economic resources: White Revolution (Iran): bloodless; gov bought land for wealth land owners and resold it to peasants at a small price Kerala (India): tenants gained the right to purchase land/ full ownership Ethiopia (India): land redistribution Topic 8.5 Decolonization After 1900 Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and gov obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Compare the processes by which various peoples pursued independence after 1900. Nationalist leaders and parties in Asia and Africa sought varying degrees of autonomy within or independence from imperial rule. Nationalist leaders and parties ● Indian National Congress ● Ho Chi Minh in French Indochina (Vietnam) ● Kwame Nkrumah in British Gold Coast (Ghana) ● Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt How people pursued independence after 1900: 1.) Negotiate; due to Eur countries being weak after WW and not having resources to defend colonial land ● India from the British Empire ● The Gold Coast from the British Empire ● French West Africa 2.) Resistance National Liberation Front (Algeria from French): used guerilla warfare and brutalization Vietnamese War for Independence (1954) (Vietnam from France): enforced by Ho Chi Minh that wanted unite the country under communist government Korean War: war btwn North(communist) and South(capitalists) Korea 3.) Religious and ehtnic movements Muslim League: advocated for an independent state for MUSLIMS in India; Pakistan in India Indian National Congress: political party lead by Gandhi through non-violent ideologies that brought India independence from Britain Topic 8.6 Newly Independent States Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and gov obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Explain how political changes in the period from c. 1900 to the present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments. The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states. The redrawing of political boundaries in some cases led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements, including those related to the Partition of India and the creation of the state of Israel. How political change led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments: 1.) Israel, Cambodia, Pakistan handling their independence Israel United Nations partition of 1948: UN partition Israel into Jewish and Arab sections; Jewish excepted, but Arabs denied this; caused war btwn two peoples → Palestine: new state of Arabs → Israel: new state of Jews Cambodia Khmer Rouge: communist organization overthrew Cambo gow, est communism → Pol Pot: leader of Khmer Rouge; ruthless dictator; 2 mill died India/Pakistan Partition of India: Pakistan from Muslims and India for Hindus → India= democratic gov; Pakistan= authoritarian gov Kashmer: state where Hindus and Muslims had their conflicts; conflict due to territorial region Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Explain the economic changes and continuities resulting from the process of decolonization. The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country), usually in the major cities, maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires. Migrations: ● South Asians to Britain ● Algerians to France ● Filipinos to the United States Econ changes and continuities that resulted from decolonization process 1.) Government and economics change Sri Lanka Sirimavo Banaranaike: 1st female Sri Lankan prime minister; socilist policies (land redistribution, restrict free trade, industries) to try and help declining econ; wasn’t successful India Indira Gandhi: Indian prime minister → 20 point plan: plan to regrow India’s econ (poverty, inflation); jailing oppositions, reform of corrupt law, increase production, alleviation of inflation Tanzania (Afri country) Julius Nyerere: 1st pres of Tanzania; socialist policies to help econ (cooperative agri program, les reliant on foreigners); unsuccessful 2.) Migration in New states Metropoles: home territory of a colonial power; help maintaining home and former colonies econ/cultural ties ● Indians and Bangladeshians moved to England ● Vietnames and Algerians moved to France ● Filipinos to US Topic 8.7 Global Resistance to Established Power Structures After 1900 Thematic Focus - Cultural Developments and Interactions (CDI) The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications Explain various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900. Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups— including states—opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts. Responses that intensified conflict: ● Chile under Augusto Pinochet ● Spain under Francisco Franco ● Uganda under Idi Amin ● The buildup of the military–industrial complex and weapons trading Various reactions to existing power structures: 1.) Resistance (non-violence) Mohandas Gandhi: against the oppressive British rule in India → Indian National Congress: organization that est to resist British; campaign of civil disobedience → Homespun Movement: Gandhi encourage India to spin cloth for themselves as British were inflating their textiles → Salt March: protest Salt monopoly; Gandhi led followers to harvest their own salt Martin Luther King Jr: movements against black discrimination; bus boycotts, sit-ins, marches; won supreme court decision and legislative laws Nelson Mandela (S Africa): resisting apartheid; movement of apartheid after Mandela was put in prison 2.) Resistance (violence) The Shining Path (Peru): goal was overthrow Purivian gov and install communist gov; terrorist acts and bombing against Peru Al-Qaeda: carried out attacks on W countries; resistance of policies (US); 9/11 Topic 8.8 End of the Cold War Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Explain the causes of the end of the Cold War. Causes of the end of the Cold War: (40yrs) -both sides knew that a nuclear war would cause death to both (mutual assured destruction) The Soviet Union’s costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan, and public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. 1.) Military and technological advancement in US Strategic Defense Initiative: system that rendered any attack on the US obsolete; shoot nuclear weapons down from space with lasers; plan scrapped but actions took power away from USSR 2.) Public discontent and econ weakness in Svoet union -foreign trade was limited -increase of government control in agri Prague Spring: series of mass protest in Czechoslovakia; USSR used a lot of resources that they didn’t have to repress this rebellion Perestroika: allowed elements of free enterprise in Soviet economy; democratic reforms in Soviet states Glasnost: allowed for opening of political process and granting of more freedom Topic 8.9 Causation in the Age of the Cold War and Decolonization The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit’s key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic. Learning Objective ● Explain the extent to which the effects of the Cold War were similar in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. ● Peoples and states around the world challenged the existing political and social order in varying ways, leading to unprecedented worldwide conflicts. ○ Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following the World War I; however, in the years following the World War II, increasing anti imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states. ○ The Cold War conflict extended beyond its basic ideological origins to have profound effects on economic, political, social, and cultural aspects of global events The role of the state in the domestic economy varied, and new institutions of global association emerged and continued to develop throughout the century. ○ States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century.