Chapter 16 Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes Answers

Name : Due Date: Chapter 16: Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes, 1750–1914 I. ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT P. 698 1. Define “revolution” A movement, often violent, to overthrow an old regime and effect. 2. In what ways were the Atlantic revolutions distinctive from other political upheavals occurring around the same time? Costly wars and strained European state were global, not regional. They were closely related to one another. 3. What enlightenment ideas helped shape these Atlantic revolutions? Expensive wars, weakening states, and destabilizing processes of commercialization. 4. Define “popular sovereignty” The idea that the authority to govern derived from the people rather than God or established traditions. 5. What group in society gained the most from the democratic revolutions that occurred in the Atlantic world? The group in society that gained the most from the democratic revolutions that occurred in the Atlantic world, was the Native Americans. 6. What other ideas did these Atlantic revolutions inspire around the world? Abolition of slavery, extended right to vote, develpment of constitutions, women’s equality. II. COMPARING ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS P. 700 A. THE NORTH AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775–1787 P. 701 7. In what ways were the North American colonies somewhat independent from Britain before the revolution ever occurred? United States was the most democratic nation, political dismantlement of British monarchies, and slavery abolished. 8. Why did North American colonists not want to breakaway from the British Empire initially? Many colonists felt that they should not pay these taxes, because they were passed in England by parliament, not by their own colonial government. 9. How did social life in North America compare to that of Europe at the time? They were very diverse, 100’s languages and cultures. Agricultural and hunting communities. Traded with each other, viewed land as a common resource. 10. Why did the British government suddenly “tighten its grasp” on its North American colonies? While the British government extract more revenue from them, Britain began to act like a genuine imperial power. 11. What happened to society in America after it gained its independence? The thirteen American colonies declared their independence from Britain. . 12. What two groups still weren’t allowed to participate in politics after the revolution? The two groups that still weren’t allowed to participate in politics after the revolution were women and nonproperty owners. B. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789–1815 P.704 13. How did the ideas of the American Revolution make their way to France? Thousands of french soldiers had provided assistance to the colonists. 14. What was the Estates General? An ancient french representative system for commoners and nobility. 15. What were the “three estates”? (List all 3) The three estates were clergy, nobility, and commoners. 16. What actions “launched” the French Revolution? The actions that launched the French Revolution was that the third estate made themselves the national assembly. 17. What major difference exists between the American Revolution and the French revolution in terms of the underlying conflict that caused them to begin? The major difference that exists between the American and the French revolution was that the french driving conflicts were within the country. 18. Which was more violent- the American or French revolution? The French revolution was more violent than the American revolution. 19. List some examples of old social hierarchies being overturned or destroyed during the French revolution. Feudalism, proclaiming equality of rights, insisting on religious toleration, codifying the laws, and rationalizing government administration. 20. Why did women in France have more influence in politics after the revolution than women in America after its revolution? French women were more active than american women. 21. How did women’s status in France change in 1793? Women were belittled when women club’s were banned. 22. Explain the difference in the influence of the American Revolution versus the French revolution? A main difference is the context of the war. The revolution was caused by a majority of the America population becoming unhappy because of how the British were ruling them. 23. Who was Napoleon Bonaparte and why was he significant to the history of France? A french general who tamed the revolution by shifting focus to social equality. C. THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION, 1791–1804 P.709 24. What made Saint Domingue the richest colony in the world? Coffee and sugar plantation. 25. Explain how the French Revolution led to a slave rebellion in the French colony of Haiti- sparking its revolution? It enlightened many slaves. 26. Who was the leader of the Haitian revolution? Toussaint Louverture 27. What made the Haitian revolution unique from the other Atlantic revolutions? During the French Revolution, the new government embraced the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which inspired mulattoes and free blacks to fight for their own rights. The Haitian Revolution is significant because it: brought an end to slavery in Haiti. 28. Economically, what happened to Haiti after its revolution? Great debt to Franch. 29. Overtime, what did “freedom” mean in Haiti? Means the end of slavery rather than the establishment of political rights for all. 30. What impact did the Haitian revolution have on slaves elsewhere in the Caribbean? Slaves gained a new sense of insolence. 31. In what ways did the Haitian revolution ironically increase slavery in the Americas? Napoleon's defeat resulted in him selling Louisiana to the US, which became a major plantation state. D. SPANISH AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS, 1810–1825 P.711 32. How was the beginning of revolutions in Spanish American colonies similar to that of the American Revolution? Native-born elites in the Spainish colonies were offended and insulted by the Spanish monarchy’s efforts during the eighteenth century. 33. How did the Enlightenment influence the Spanish American revolutions? The creoles were aware of popular sovereignty and realized how suppressed they were in the mainland. 34. Why did the revolutions in South America occur so much later than the American Revolution? The South american colonies were governed and forced to take action. 35. Explain how one could argue that Napoleon caused the Spanish American Revolutions. Napoleon had led his army to war with the Americans and also the spanish It was also because of french revolution ideas. 36. Define “nativism” The theory of protecting native borns. 37. Who was the “enemy” in the Spanish American revolutions? Native spanish born elites. 38. Describe the effects of the Spanish revolutions on people of the lower classes, Native Americans, and slaves. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule. Slavery was not abolished immediately but ended in all of the new nations within a quarter century. In the New World) and mestizos (those of mixed American Indian and Spanish blood). 39. How were women affected after the Spanish American revolutions? Improvement in educational opportunities for women. 40. Why was it so difficult to unite the Spanish American colonies? Many people in Latin America became underdeveloped, impoverished, undemocratic, politically unstable, and dependent on frogien technology. III. ECHOES OF REVOLUTION P. 714 41. When Britain lost their New England colonies, what region of the world did they start trying to intervene in? Asia 42. Define “suffrage” Right to vote. 43. What countries/regions granted universal male suffrage by 1914? West Europe, United States of America, and Argentina. A. THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY P. 715 44. How did the Enlightenment help end slavery? The thinkers were concerned with natural rights. 45. How did Christianity (religion) help to end slavery? Quakers, protestants, anvangelicans in Britain and the US promoted slavery as a crime against God. 46. How did unsuccessful slave rebellions help to end slavery? The largest slave rebellion outside the United States was the successful insurrection of black slaves that overthrew French rule and abolished slavery in Saint Domingue, thereby establishing the independent nation of Haiti. 47. What were some of the techniques employed by abolitionists to gain support for their anti-slavery cause? Brought together secular, religious, economic, and political thinking. 48. What was the last country to abolish slavery and in what year did they do so? Brazil in 1888 49. What groups resisted the abolition of slavery? Plantation owners and slave traders 50. How did the end of slavery affect the lives of former slaves economically? With the exception of Haiti and a brief moment of radical reconstruction in the United States, there were no major social, economic, or political changes with emancipation. Freed slaves had few political rights. The only change was that now they were legally free. 51. Explain why there was suddenly a large influx of indentured servants to the Americas. Reluctance of former slaves to cont. working in plantation agri led to labor shortage, large influx of indentured servants to Americas. 52. Where did these indentured servants come from? India and China 53. How did the end of slavery affect the lives of former slaves politically? Did not achieve political equality except in Haiti 54. How was the end of serfdom in Russia different than the abolition of slavery? The end of serfdom gave peasants land formerly owned by nobles. 55. How did Europeans justify colonizing Africa after losing colonies in the Americas and abolishing slavery? They needed to emancipate enslaved africans. 56. How did the Islamic world approach the ending of slavery? Slavery was outlawed gradually in the 20th century. B. NATIONS AND NATIONALISM P. 719 57. Define “Nationalism” A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country. 58. How did the revolutions in the Americas help support the growth of the ideas of nationalism? Made independent nations built around democracy and freedom. 59. How did printing encourage the idea of nationalism and the formation of national identities? Printing encouraged idea of nationalism and formation of nation IDs because it allowed for the public to think of themselves as members of a common linguistic group/nation. 60. Give an example of nationalism unifying people into forming their own country (or nation). Italy and Germany both unified their fragmented kingdoms into a nation. 61. Give an example of nationalism breaking apart pre-existing empires. Greeks and Serbs used to gain independence from Ottoman Empire. 62. How did countries instill national loyalty in its citizens? Countries strive to instill national loyalty in its citizens via schools (pledge), public rituals(national anthem), mass media, and military service. a. BONUS: Give an example of how the United States tries to instill nationalism in its citizens. (Hint: you do it everyday in first period. ☺) The Pledge of Allegiance C. FEMINIST BEGINNINGS P.723 63. Review- define “patriarchy” A society in which men are considered the dominant race. 64. How did the Enlightenment aid the beginnings of a feminist movement? Enlightenment aided beginnings of a feminist movement by challenging ancient traditions involved in gender inequality. 65. How did the French Revolution aid the beginnings of a feminist movement? In pre-revolutionary France, women had no part in affairs outside the house. Before the revolution and the advent of feminism in France, women's roles in society consisted of providing heirs for their husbands and tending to household duties. Even in the upper classes, women were dismissed as simpletons. 66. Explain how feminism was a “transatlantic movement.” Feminism "transatlantic movement" - Euro and American women attended the same conferences, corresponded regularly, and read one another's work. 67. What were the major concerns of the feminist movement? Enlightenment thinkers challenged the traditional thinking of females as inferior(suffrage). 68. List some of the methods of protest used by these feminists. Temperance movements, abolitionism, female charities, missionary work, socialist organizations. 69. What are some examples of progress in women’s rights by 1900? By 1900s, women gained entrance to universities and women's literacy rates were growing steadily, a number of states passed legislation allowing women to manage and control their own property and wages, growing involvement of women in the medical field. 70. What was the first country to give women the right to vote- and in what year did it occur? New Zealand in 1893 71. Besides Finland and New Zealand, when did other countries finally allow women to vote? After World War I 72. What was the academic and medical argument against giving more rights to women? -Academic and medical experts argued that the strains of edu and life outside the home would cause serious reproductive damage and depopulation. -Feminist seen as selfish IV. REFLECTIONS: REVOLUTIONS PRO AND CON P. 728 73. What are some of the pros and cons of the political revolutions of the 19th century listed in the reflections section? a. Pros:Acted on the basis of enlightenment ideals, new opportunities, b. Cons: Brutal suffering, little elevation of beginnings of progressive societies. class differences. WHAT’S THE SIGNIFICANCE? P. 729 Write the vocabulary words on a separate piece of paper and place it in the vocabulary section of your notebook. Label the vocabulary CHAPTER 16 VOCABULARY. BIG PICTURE QUESTIONS P. 729 Answer the 4 Big Picture Questions on P. 729. Write out each question before answering.