World War I, the Great Depression, Fascism and World War II

World War I, the Great Depression, Fascism and World War II 1. Why did World War I begin? a. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated while visiting Sarajevo by a Serbian Black Hand member, Gavrilo Princip. 2. What WWI battles did you hear about? How were they fought? World War I i. Somme - (1916) Fought between the British and French on one side and the Germans on the other. 1. It was a six month battle along Western Front. a. The British made a movie of the battle during it, then used the movie as propaganda to gain support for the war. b. Allies tried to use creeping barrage, a line of men who slowly creep towards the enemy lines, to create cover for the soldiers advancing behind. World War II ii. Moscow - (1941-1942) Fought between Germans and the Russians. 1. Germans attempted to take the capital of the Soviet Union to make a statement but were defeated by environmental factors (like snow). 2. The Russians used women and children to help dig fortiÞcations and trenches. 3. Germany had to give up here; Russians won. iii. Stalingrad - (1942-1943) 1. Germans (and Axis powers in general) then attempted to take Stalingrad, a transport hub on the Volga River, to make a statement. a. Germans did take the city initially but the Russians reclaimed it as they were better able to Þght in the winter. b. Russians also stuck close to the Germans so the Germans were unable to use their air power effectively and Russian snipers were effective. iv. Coral Sea - (1942) 1. Fought between U.S. and Japan in the sea and the air around New Guinea; Þrst major air-sea battle. a. Japanese Operation MO plans (taking over most of Australasia to cut off American-Australian communication) were intercepted by U.S. codebreakers who were able to help U.S. fortify area. b. This win helped the U.S. get in position for islandhopping campaign towards Japan. 3. What are the core beliefs of fascism, as explained by Mussolini (our illustrated sheet)? a. Supporting Nationalism - Fascism makes use of patriotic mottos, slogans, symbols, songs, and other paraphernalia. Flags are seen everywhere from on clothing to public displays. b. Controlled Mass Media - Sometimes to media is directly controlled by the government, but in other cases, the media is indirectly controlled by government regulation, or sympathetic media spokespeople and executives. Censorship, especially in war time, is very common. c. Religion and Government are Intertwined - Governments in fascist nations tend to use the most common religion in the nation as a tool to manipulate public opinion. d. Supremacy of the Military - Even when there are widespread domestic problems, the military is given a disproportionate amount of government funding; soldiers and military service are glamorized. e. Disregard for Human Rights - The people in fascist regimes are persuaded that human rights can be ignored in certain cases because of "need." The people tend to look the other way or even approve of torture, summary executions, assassinations, long incarcerations of prisoners, etc. 4. What is disillusionment and how did World War I cause it? a. Disillusionment - The feeling of disappointment results from the discovery that something isnÕt as good as it seems. i. World War I caused disillusionment as many Americans came to regret participation in World War I. Even before the end of the War, this attitude began to to appear. Critics popularized the charge that America was dragged into the war by things like propaganda. 5. Armenian Genocide a. Where is Armenia? i. Armenia is located in the Middle East next to Turkey. b. Why were Armenians targeted for killing in the Ottoman Empire/ Turkey? i. The Minister of War within the Ottoman Empire blamed military defeats on Armenians, and claimed they sided/supported the Russians. c. What was the progression of the targeting? i. First, over everything, they were already singled out because they were more commonly than not Christian. The Ottoman Empire was predominantly Muslim, but they let them practice Christianity there which meant things like higher taxes and less opportunities. ii. Then, the Armenians were blamed for war losses and were deemed a threat to national security. iii. They were then sent to Òlabor battalionsÓ - work camps - and about 1.5 million people were killed. d. Why is this genocide controversial? i. Some countries like Turkey don't view the genocide as a genocide, and the New York Times Þrst said the phrase "Armenian genocide" in 2004. People like Kim Kardashian try to shed light on the fact that it was a genocide, although places (like Turkey) don't want to own up to it. ii. Less than 30 countries today recognize the Armenian Genocide. 6. Causes of the Great Depression - be able to explain causes and how socialists would have complained about some while capitalists would have complained about others. a. Socialists i. Overproduction in Agriculture 1. The supply outweighed the demand; governments placed tariffs a bit late. a. The government could have done more to protect the U.S. because farmers were the most vulnerable at this time. Socialists would want the government to have gotten involved earlier so that farmers would not have had to face the hardships that they did. ii. Inequitable Income Distribution 1. Wealth Maldistribution a. This phenomenon plagued the nation as the Òrich got richerÓ and the Òpoor got poorerÓ. There really is no way to sugar coat it, you were either poor or rich. Socialists would support the government getting more involved so that this did not happen, because some people suffered and many prospered. b. Capitalists i. Reparation Payments and War Debts 1. Government loaning so much much to other countries; Germany owed the U.S. $32 billion. a. A capitalist would want the government to limit involvement because the U.S. became too caring about the world around that they were losing money and not necessarily getting it back. ii. Stock Market Crash 1. People relied on stocked, many people bought on margin. a. A capitalist would want the government to limit its involvement in the stock market game as many people bought on margin and could not actually afford to pay off the deÞcits when the prices dropped. 7. Totalitarian Governments a. How do they control their citizensÕ lives? i. Totalitarian leaders take over a little at a time, so they can earn the trust of the people and before you know it, you are believing that genocide is the only answer to heal your country's problems. 8. Weimar Germany and the inter-war years Ð what were the norms and problems? a. Norms i. Everybody is poor ii. Life sucks iii. Unsure if they should be supporting country that makes them take the blame for everything. b. Problems i. The constitution gave the President, the states, and the army too much power. ii. In 1919-23, extremists on both the Left and the Right tried to overthrow the government. iii. In 1923, the French tried to invade Germany to force them to pay for reparations, which led to hyperinßation. 9. How did speciÞc artists reßect or defy the norms of their day? a. Pablo Picasso i. Spanish painter who later settled in France - famous painting Guernica depicted the aftermath of a German air assault on a Spanish town - started cubism with Braque 1. DeÞed normed because of the start of cubism! b. Georges Braque i. French cubist painter who served in World War I - cubism shows from multiple perspectives. 1. DeÞed normed because of the start of cubism! c. Marc Chagall i. Painter from Belarus (then part of Russia) who moved to France to avoid being in communist Russia; painted with a lot of color and wanted to let the viewer decide what the painting meant. 1. His magical creations deÞed everyday life; they are rich in color and defy the conventions of our everyday world. d. Wassily Kandinsky i. Russian painter who was inspired by MonetÕs use of color and later moved to France; combined expressionism with modern art. 1. He deÞed the norms of his day because he gave art a new direction. e. Richard Wagner i. German composer from the 1800s who composed many operas, Hitler and the Nazis loved his music and promoted it as proper Aryan music. 1. He reßected norms of his day because his music was used to gain Nazi support. 10. How did speciÞc musicians/composers reßect or defy the norms of their day? a. Edith Piaf i. French cabaret singer - very tough upbringing - performed in France while it was occupied by the Nazis. 1. She deÞed norms through ÒVie en RoseÓ- life through rose-colored glasses - try to look on the optimistic side of things. b. Josephine Baker i. African-American U.S. cabaret singer and exotic dancer who moved to France - helped French resistance; later adopted multiracial children. 1. She deÞed the norms of her day as she was a black woman who performed provocative dances. She also married a Jewish man and became involved in the war effort. 11. Nazi anti-semitism a. Review the timeline of events that we coded L, P, and V (or A) - explain the different types of laws that were passed and how these laws added to Hitler's power. b. What issues did Hitler write about in Mein Kampf? i. He mainly wrote about how the Jews were detrimental to society and shouldn't be integrated into it, but also that they were weak and meaningless. ii. Also wrote about how important it was to have a strong military and blamed Germany's dark past on the Weimar Republic and vowed to destroy the parliamentary system. 12. Appeasement a. What is appeasement? i. Foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved nation through negotiation in order to prevent war. b. Explain how far Hitler was able to go in breaking international law while foreign politicians just gave in to him. i. Until Germany invaded Poland because he said he was just about done expanding, but this would not be the near end for him at all. Britain and France declared war on Germany in 1939 when they invaded Poland because it was too far. c. Explain reasons why people were willing to appease Hitler. i. Countries like Britain were unprepared for a war and couldn't have fought if war had been declared. In short, countries did not want to be invaded. Europe had just Þnished cleaning up from WWI in a sense. ii. Hitler said that he was just trying to unite all German-speaking people and many European nations let that slide because they were not in the mood for a war. 13. European theater - explain similarities and differences between WWI and WWII. WWI & WWII Differences WWI & WWII Similarities WWI = Fought from 1914-1918 (4 WWI = Armenian Genocide years) WWII = The Holocaust WWII = Fought from 1939-1945 (6 years) WWI = Fought in Europe WWII = Fought in Europe (not all WWI = Called ÒThe Great WarÓ parts, but still fought in Europe). because it was believed to be the Ôwar to end all warsÕ. A lot of people died! WWII = Not that. Use of propoganda WWI = 10 million dead WWII = 60 million dead In both world wars, imperialism, nationalism, and militarism led to the WWI Cause = Franz Ferdinand outbreak of war. WWII Cause = GermanyÕs Economic Plight Countries like Germany, Japan, and Italy wanted more land and WW1 was mainly conÞned to Europe resources. while WW2 had entire world as its theater. The United States didnÕt join either war when they Þrst started. Radio got invented which was heavily used in WW2 while there were only landline phones in WW1 14. WWII - PaciÞc Theater a. Explain the Japanese view on why they felt justiÞed to attack the U.S. i. They felt that 4 countries were controlling 3/4 of the world, which they viewed as being horrifying. ii. Japan had also captured Manchuria and Þve other northern provinces of China. The Japanese wanted to stop all aid to China from the Allies and the United States. This request was turned down and the U.S. put an embargo on Japan. 1. Embargo = unfair when they had forced Japan to become a nation of open-trade just decades before. b. Describe Japanese expansionism prior to WWII. i. Expansionism was a way to raise nationalist pride in Japan and to expand the Japanese empire while everyone else was still weak. ii. The U.S. had put an embargo on the Japanese, who were rapidly expanding, making them need to Þnd natural resources like oil and coal that they had relied on the U.S. for in an attempt to slow them down. c. Explain factors leading to Japanese surrender. i. The United States/Allies had won the Battle of Midway and were gaining on them in the PaciÞc; the bombs being dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki showed the emperor that they would not back down, so the Japanese would have to surrender. 15. Rape of Nanking a. What was the Rape of Nanking? i. An was the invasion of ChinaÕs capital city, leaving ½ of the population dead, as Japan dehumanized the Chinese and raped many (hence the name), sending the Chinese they captured to internment camps as they slowly took over their beloved country. b. How does it affect events today? i. Nanking was decimated, completely ruined. It took years for both the Chinese people and the city to recover from the rape of Nanking. The relationship between the nations of Japan and China is tenuous, even today. As a country, China has become an economic powerhouse, although, that fact would be difÞcult to see in the living circumstances of many of its citizens. For each of the genocides that we heard about, who were some upstanders? ● Upstander = someone who stands up to the ÒbullyÓ ○ Armin Wegner (Armenian) ■ The German who stood up to genocide of both Armenians and Jews. Timeline: 1914: WWI Starts 1915: Armenian Genocide 1918: WWI Ends, Treaty of Versailles is Formed 1929: Start of Great Depression 1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany 1939: WWII Starts; Germany invades Poland 1945: End of WW2 1994: European Union is Formed