University:
Eastern Kentucky University
Course:
PHY 317 | Cognitive Psychology
Academic year:

2021
Views:

162

Pages:

2
Author:

sonalhava9qv

Cognitive Psychology Notes Module 3: Memory 2 Types of Amnesia  Retrograde Amnesia: o Can't remember events from before the incident. o Affects storage or retrieval of memories.  Anterograde Amnesia: o Can't form new memories after the incident. o Affects consolidation, storage, or retrieval stages. Infantile Amnesia:  Inability to remember events from early childhood (ages 1-3/4).  Due to brain development, lack of language, and understanding. Chronic Alcoholism - Korsakoff’s Disease:  Caused by long-term alcohol use leading to thiamine deficiency.  Results in permanent anterograde amnesia (can't form new declarative memories).  Can still learn new skills (non-declarative memory, like riding a bike). Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI):  Caused by head injuries, leading to memory problems.  Can lead to both retrograde and anterograde amnesia.  Often affects the retrieval phase.  non-declarative memory (influences behaviour but does not involve conscious recollection) Types of Memory 1. Declarative Memory: o Involves conscious recollection. o Episodic Memory: Personal events (e.g., your birthday). o Semantic Memory: General knowledge and facts (e.g., dogs have 4 legs). 2. Non-Declarative Memory: o Does not involve conscious thought. Procedural Memory: Skills and habits (e.g., riding a bike). Priming: Faster processing of information when exposed to it repeatedly. Episodic Memory - Recognition vs. Recall  Recognition (e.g., multiple-choice questions) is easier than recall (e.g., short-answer questions).  Single Process Model of Familiarity: Suggests recognition requires a lower level of familiarity.  System 1 - heuristics, intuition o Fast, Automatic, Emotions, Stereotypes  System 2 - systematic reasoning o Slow, Conscious, Controlled o o Non-Declarative Memory - Priming  Procedural Memory: Learning skills without conscious thought.  Priming: o Perceptual Priming: Enhanced recognition of repeated visual stimuli. o Conceptual Priming: Improved understanding of repeated concepts or words. o Amnesic Patients: Often have intact priming ability. Priming Effects 1. Spreading Activation Theory (Collins & Loftus, 1975): o When you think of a word, related concepts are also activated. 2. Truth Effect (Bacon, 1979): o The more you hear something, the more likely you are to believe it. 3. False-Fame Effect (Jacoby, Wolloshyn, & Kelley, 1989): o Repeated exposure can make false information seem true. 4. Fluency Effects (Alter & Oppenheimer, 2009): o The easier something is to process, the more familiar and believable it feels.