Chapter 8 Motivation

Chapter(8(motivation( Monday,(November(16,(2020 10:55(PM Motivation: need/ desire that energizes and directs behavior -can be biological, cognitive, social 4 Sources of Motivation 1. Instincts: biologically determined behaviors essential to survival a. Early explanation for human motivation but... i. How many instincts are there ii. How does the instinct label promote understanding? Learned motives? 2. Drive-reduction theory a. Physiological needs --> drive to meet those needs ○ Restore homeostasis ( balance of body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep) 3. Optium arousal theory: Desire to avoid stimuli that are too boring or too stimulating -like things that are interesting that are not too crazy -moderate level= best performance -predicts preferences for patterns, art, music Simple painting pink board Too much going on 4. Priorities among needs a. Abraham Maslow i. Hierarchy of needs: fundamental needs (bottom of pyramid needs to be met before moving up) ii. Self-actualization: realizing one's potential Physiological Influences on Hunger ▪ Feedback from stomach, intestines, liver ▪ Brain monitors glucose levels (hypothalamus) it motivates hunger • Filling rat's stomach w/ saltwater reduces hunger less than milk • Brain responds to the content we are eating Hypothalamus & H Hu unger 1. Lateral hypothalamus (side): initiates hunger i. Stimulation ->feel hungry ii. Lesioned(destroy)-> no interest in food 2. Ventromedial hypothalamus (bottom) : suppresses hunger i. Suppresses hunger ▪ Stimulation -> stop eating ▪ Lesioned-> keep eating -Set point theory: hypothalamus strives to maintain optimum body weight (set point) - eating produces leptin (hormone released by fat cells) Leptin level rise then hunger level goes (hypothalamus glucose & leptin) Psychological influences on Hunger: Memory of last meal (time) (amnesiacs sometimes repeats meal) ½ day: timing of day or tasks -jealousy Obesity: ○ Body mass index (BMI) score greater than 30 ○ Correlated with many health issues: -diabetes, cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure -problematic: doesn’t account for ur body composition, created for white males, flawed indication Why does obesity happen? 1. Obese personality that cannot resist eating? i. Little to no evidence (exception=fidget factor less likely to be obese ) ii. No common characters 2. Why does obesity happen? Genes? (50-70%) ○ Strong evidence for genetic component ○ Serotonin involved with feeling full ▪ Mice without certain serotonin receptors-> obesity ▪ Serotonin receptor blockers in humans-> • 3. • • weight gain ▪ Serotonin receptor enhancement in humans -> less hunger, weight loss Obesity & Genetics • Gene "ob" controls release of leptin ▪ More fat= more leptin ▪ Gene maintains constant level of body fat Defective ob gene--> obesity Environmental factors Fast food, more sedentary activities High cultural variability in obesity Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa • Refusal to maintain even low normal weight • Intense fear of gaining weight • Body image distortion • Obsessive thinking about food Common in adolescents (90 women) • Bulimia nervosa • Binge eating-> guilt & depression then attempt to prevent weight gain ▪ Purging type: intentional vomiting, laxatives ▪ Non purging : fasting, excessive exercise Women late teens early 20s Why do eating disorders happen? • biological explanations: genes If one twin has a disorder, how often does the other? (concordance rate) identical gene more likely to have the disorder • serotonin levels anorexia = high levels bulimia =low levels • Social/ ccuu ltural eexxplanations: • Example: social expectations (Fredrickson (1998)) ○ IV men/women wore big baggy sweater/ swimsuit while taking math tests/ no one sees you (privately) ○ DV feelings about own body (compared to pretest ) ○ Math test score—results: women & swimsuit--> only group to increase in body shame, revulsion, disgust with themselves, in the math test, women decreased in swim suit • Culture --> idealized body images ▪ Lever (2003) 9/10 women would rather have a perfect body than mate with perfect body ▪ Men say only 4/10 say the same The Need to Belong Motive to maintain relationships, feel social connectedness -homeostatic balance of social/ alone time -chronic loneliness correlated with: Cancer, strokes, cardiovascular disease, poor sleep, depression, substance abuse Effects of social exclusion Cyberball studies: depressed mood, anxiety, hurt feelings, eventual withdrawal, worse performance on aptitude tests, more likely to conform to others ○ Similar brain activity as physical pain Need to achieve : motive to strive for, and achieve, goals -individual difference ○ Low need to achieve: choose very easy tasts (guaranteed success) or very difficult tasks (failure expected, not embarrassing) ○ High need to achieve: choose moderately difficult tasks (challenging) ○ Duckworth & Seligman (2005): achievement motive = better predictor of school performance, attendance, graduation honors than IQ test scores What Is emotion? Emotion: positive/ neg reaction to a stimulus Includes: physiological reaction, expressive behaviors, conscious experience (thoughts & feelings) Types of emotion Paul Ekman: universal emotional expressions (even blind people ! Owo) All emotions a product of combinations of basic emotions? Basic emotions: fear, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise ~positive & neg can occur at the same time • Approach emotions (love, happiness) left frontal lobe interviewing • Withdrawal emotions (fear, disgust) right frontal lobe 3 Theories of emotion James-Lange Theory of Emotion ○ Emotion = awareness of physiological state in response to emotion-inducing stimulus ○ Stimulus – physiological Response – labeling of emotion Inferring emotion from facial expressions -larsen (1992) furrowing brown= sadder -Zajonc: saying 'e' and 'ah' smiling muscles = better mood than ü -strack: holding pencil in teeth vs lips= funnier cartoons Looking at self in mirror amplifies effect Problems with James: 1. physiological responses similar across emotions (fear, excite) 2. responses too slow to trigger sudden emotions Cannon-Bard: simultaneous experience of emotions and physiological arousal; one does not cause the other • Stimulus – same time physiological response & labeling of emotion Schacter- singer (2 factor theory) ○ Like james: emotion from awareness of physiological arousal ○ Like cannon: emotions are physiologically similar, need to be cognitively labeled Step 1 : experience physiological arousal Step 2 2:: assign cognitive label to emotion (conscious interpretation) Capilano suspension bridge: scare IV: men approach suspension/ sturdy bridge by attractive female/ male researcher with survey Thematic apperception test -given phone number for more info DV: % of men calling number, amount of sexual imagery in TAT , asked to write stories -suspension bridge: heart beat up, cute girl hands number= sexual image higher How does fear work? ○ Possibly – scary info takes 2 neural paths (same time) 1. To the amygdala i. Instinctive, automatic defensive responses 2. To the cerebral cortex & hippocampus i. Incorporate other info, memories ○ Both paths lead to hypothalamus Releases norepinephrine & adrenaline (fight or flight) Fear & amygdala -schacter: pair blue slide with painful noise= fear reaction ○ Hippocampus damage: fear response, but no memory why ○ Amygdala damage: remember condition, but no fear response Anger Whats bad about it? -chronic anger = heart attacks 3-5x more likely -post 9/11: anger responses )as compared to fear) increased intolerance for Muslims, immigrants Good? -pent up anger is unhealthy -more likely to resolve source of anger Catharsis: emotional release intended to relieve aggressive urged ( venting anger) Is catharsis a good thing? -it does feel good/ temporary calm -expressing anger often leads to more anger. Aggressive breeds aggression Handling Anger 1. wait it out physiological arousal decreases with time 2. calm yourself through distraction rumination increases anger 3. practice forgiveness Witvliet et al. (2001): mentally rehearse grudge against someone who hurt you, rehearse forgiveness fewer negative feelings; decreased perspiration, blood pressure, heart rate, facial tension Predicting Happiness ○ Impact bias: tendency to overestimate longterm impact of emotional events, underestimate ability to adapt Lottery winners return to baseline within 5 years -bad isnt that bad Money and happiness ▪ Evidence for short-term link: Rich countries moderately happier than poor countries Recent windfall (inheritance, lottery) temporary happiness increase ○ mixed evidence for long-term link Burkholder (2005): 1994-2004 economic prosperity in China; declining satisfaction urban wealthy Chinese less happy than rural poor Chinese Perkins (1991): prefer high income, career success less happy than those preferring close friends & marriage How to be happier: • Realize that enduring happiness doesn’t come from financial success • Take control of your time • Act happy • Seek work & leisure that engage your skills • Exercise • Develop healthy sleeping habits • Prioritize close relationships • Focus on helping others • Be grateful • Nurture & develop spiritual self