Unit 2 Cognition

young girl duck Unit 2: Cognition (15-25%) Corresponding Module(s): 20-21:23 pumpkins COGNITION: Perception 13 Part 1: The Basics Let's Review! Sensation Involves recieving info a neural message (transduction), and sending it to the prain to be interpreted from the environment (through our senses!). Converting it into Perception Involves organizes and interpret드 that sensory information Perception Perception is influenced by whether one primarily relies on external sensory information (bottom-up processing) or internal prior expectationap-down processing) Bottom-up Processing Analysis that begins with sensory receptors. and works up to the brain's TOP DOWN PROCESSING Integration of sensory information Relles on external sensory information of basic elements or features to relies on internal prior expectations build a perception Schemas and perceptual sets are internal factors that filter perceptions of the world Top-Down Processing Schema mental pramework for organizing and understanding our world Schemas help guide our perception Example: We have a schema for a field and what kinds of animals/plants may be found in it...but for most of us, naked people is not included in that schemal information processing. that involves experience, expectations and in the gaps and complete a perception motives to fill Perceptual Set The feadiness. to perceive something in a particular way or having an expectation for a stimulus Heavily influenced by our pre-existing sphemers which influence how we interprit ambiguous sensations Example: see "Let's Practice" and write down what you see, external factors that filter perceptions of the world include: Contexts 5'8 context A given stimulus may trigger different percepthorbecause of the immediate Example: How toll do you think the player in yellow is?, Cultural Experiences A given stimulus may trigger different percepbecause of ations chitural experiences Example: What is above the woman's head? Part 2: Attention Attention An interaction of sensation and perception that is affected by internal and external processes Millions of Shmuli compete for your attention at any given time Selective Attention The focusing of conscious Awareness on a partishiar stimulus. to the exclusion of others Allows a person to function in a world filled with meing stimuli. Cocktail Party Effect A form of selective attention in which you are able to focus on a singje miker conversations and background noises. ignoring other conversations among a mixture of Can also detect mentions of DIAL Wmme or specific topics in noisy room Sometimes we lose our Awareness of time and the precense of others. around us Inattentional Blindness failing to seo visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere Change Blindness A form of inattentional blindness in which individuals don't notice a change in the environment after a brief visual interruption or inattention Part 3: Gestalt Principles Gestalt Principles How do we form meaningful perceptions from sensory information? We urganize It into a gestalt, or a whole Humans group stimuli into meaningful units. (wholes), as opposed to examining them as distinct pieces cubeldors Figure-Ground The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into objects that stand out from their surrounding Figure Object(s) that stands out or draws one's attention Ground background finger | background Surrounding VShel field Grouping The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into understandable groups Several principles of grouping include: Similarity The tendency to perceive items that are alike (have similar color shape orientation, or texture) as a unified whole or group size, Proximity The tendency to perceive nearby/pusically close objects as group Closure The principle of making a whole or completed object by tilling in the gaps Part 4: Depth Perception Depth Perception The ability to see objects in three demontions despite the fact that our retinas take in only 2 dimensions Allows us to judge distance Involves binolocnier depth cues and monocular depth cues Binocular Depth Cues Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and conversigersce, that depend on the use of Two eyes (and two retinas) Retinal Disparity Images Retinas are approximately 2.5 inches apart; "see" HND different Difference between the two images allows for the calculation of distance The greater the difference, the closer the object Convergence Determines depth based on how much both thes rotare inward the object The more inward the closer Monocular Depth Cues Depth cues that require the use of only I eye. to give the illusion of depth. on a flat or two-dimentional. surface Monocular depth cues include: Linear perspective praisel lines appear to whverge as they move farther into the distance Interposition When one object partially blocks our view of another, we percient it as closel Relative size