Behavioral Sciences 5 Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Behavioral Sciences 5: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Motivation Motivation: The purpose, or driving force, behind our actions Can be extrinsic or intrinsic. Instincts: Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli. Instinct Theory: People perform certain behaviors because of their evolutionarily programmed instincts. Arousal: The state of being awake and reactive to stimuli. Optimal Arousal Optimal performance requires optimal arousal. Arousal Theory: levels that are too ! or too ¯ will impede performance. Drives: Internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals. Primary drives: related to biological processes. Secondary drives: stem from learning. Drive Reduction Motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, Theory: which create uncomfortable internal states. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Physiological, safety and security, love and belonging, Needs: self-esteem, and self-actualization. Higher needs only produce drives once lower needs are met. Stress Stress: The physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes. Stress Appraisal: Primary Appraisal: Classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful. Secondary Appraisal: Evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress. Stressors: Anything that leads to a stress response. Can lead to distress or eustress. General Adaptation Specific stressors do not have specific responses, Syndrome: they all generate the same general physical stress response. 3 stages of stress: Alarm, resistance, exhaustion. These involve both the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system; release of ACTH leads to !cortisol. Self-Actualization: Full realization of one’s talents and potential. Self-Determination Emphasizes 3 universal needs: autonomy, competence, Theory: and relatedness. Incentive Theory: Explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments. Expectancy-Value The amount of motivation for a task is based on the Theory: expectation of success and the value of that success. Opponent-Process Explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases, Theory: the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms. House Money Effect: After a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk since the new money is not treated as one's own. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Selfactualization Esteem Love / Belonging Safety Physiological Gambler’s Fallacy: If something happens more frequently than normal, it will happen less frequently in the future, or vice versa. Prisoner’s Dilemma: Two people act out of their own self-interest, but if they had cooperated, the result would have been even better. Emotion Emotion: A state of mind, or feeling, that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships Three Components of Cognitive: Subjective Emotion: Physiological: Changes in autonomic nervous system Behavioral: Facial expressions and body language 7 Universal Emotions: Happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust and anger James-Lange Theory: Behavioral and physiological actions lead to emotions. Ex: Power posing. Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotional and physiological responses to a stimulus occur simultaneously. They arise from separate and independent areas of the brain. Schacter-Singer Theory: Two-factor theory of emotion. Physiological arousal and interpretation of context or “cognitive label” lead to emotion. Limbic System: Concerned with instincts and mood. See appendix for full diagram. Theories of Emotion