Integumentary Review Guide

lOMoARcPSD|23780900 Integumentary System Review Guide Name: _______________________________________________ Section: ________ Directions: You will learn best if you WRITE OUT THE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON SEPARATE SHEETS OF PAPER!!! 1. List AND describe some of the basic characteristics of the skin a. Relatively waterproof b. Stretchable c. Washable d. Guaranteed to last a lifetime with reasonable care e. Thick skin—does not have hair follicles or oil glands 2. List AND describe some of the functions of the skin. a. PROTECTION 3. Define desiccation. a. The removal of moisture from something b. Drying out of skin 4. What type of epithelium is the skin composed of? a. Epidermis (has the “stratum” layers) b. Dermis (where the glands and hair follicles and blood vessels hang out) 5. List the 5 layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial. Now add the defining characteristics of each of these layers. In other words, what are the important functions of each layer? a. Stratum corneum b. Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin) c. Stratum granulosum d. Stratum spinosum e. Stratum Basale 6. Which layer of the epidermis is found only in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet? a. Stratum Lucidum 7. Which “specialized” cell types are found in the epidermis of the skin? What are the functions of each of these cells? a. Merkel cells (tactile cell): respond to light touch b. Melanocytes: contain the pigment melanin; make melanin; amount of melanin=darker skin c. Keratinocytes: most common cell of epidermis ~90% d. Langerhans cells: dendric cells that helps to activate the immune system 8. Explain the process of keratinization. a. The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin b. Takes 7-10 days for a cell toe move from stratum Basale to stratum corneum c. Skin cells remain for around 2 weeks, then flake off as dander 9. What are the two major layers of the dermis? Compare and contrast the structures AND functions of these two layers. Make sure to address the receptors involved with cutaneous sensation. a. Papillary layer i. Highly vascularized borders the stratum Basale of epidermis lOMoARcPSD|23780900 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. ii. Touch and pain receptors iii. On palms and soles, these papillae lie atop dermal ridges, which produce whorled epidermal ridges (fingerprints) b. Reticular layer i. 80% of dermis ii. Collogen binds water, helping to hydrate the skin iii. Elastin fibers give the skin elasticity iv. Dense irregular CT gives the skin strength v. Contains larger blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers c. Cutaneous Sensation i. Merkel disc 1. Merkel cells connected to sensory neuron 2. Detect light touch, in Basale and unencapsulated ii. Meissner’s corpuscles 1. Detect light touch, in dermis and encapsulated iii. Pacinian corpuscles: 1. Detect deep pressure and vibration iv. Root hair plexus: wind blowing in hair v. Free never endings: detect painful stimuli Describe how a blister form. a. Separation of the epidermal and dermal layers (or between epidermal layers) by a fluid filled pocket b. Friction damage breaks connection between layers What are lines of cleavage and what is their clinical significance? a. Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis b. Lines of cleavage establish important patterns: a parallel cut remains shut, heals well; a cut across (right angle) pulls open and scars Describe the anatomy of the hypodermis. a. Not technically a layer of the skin (known as subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia) b. Has more adipose than dermis c. Functions i. Energy reservoir ii. Thermal insulation List AND describe the functions of the hypodermis. Is the hypodermis considered a layer of the skin? Explain! Why are shots often given into the hypodermis? a. Hypodermic injection i. Has few capillaries and no vital organs ii. Used for medication which cannot be taken orally Describe the typical subcutaneous fat distribution of males and females. a. Males: belly, butt, and thighs b. Females: belly, hips, thighs, neck, back of upper arms, butt Label all of the major structures/regions on a diagram of the skin. What are the major pigments found in the skin? Expand on the characteristics of each of these. a. Melanin = brown b. Carotene = orange c. Hemoglobin = red d. Jaundice = yellow Why do fair skinned individuals often have a reddish hue? Define cyanosis. What causes it? a. Blue-ish skin tint due to hemoglobin that is not saturated with oxygen Describe Vitiligo. a. Loss of melanocytes lOMoARcPSD|23780900 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. b. Loss of color c. 1% of population List the regions where hair is not found. a. Palms b. Soles c. Lips d. Portions of external genitalia List AND describe the functions of hair. a. Protects and insulates b. Guards openings against particles and insects c. Is sensitive to very light touch What is the function of the arrector pili muscle? Which type of muscle tissue is this? a. Involuntary smooth muscles b. Causes hairs to stand up c. produces “goose bumps” Compare and contrast the types of hair. a. Lanugo: fine hair that appears on fetus in the last 3 months of development b. Vellus Hair (peach fuzz): body hair of females and children. Pale and fine (vellus=velvet) c. Terminal Hair: coarser, longer (may be darker) – eyebrows, scalp at puberty appear in armpit and pubic regions of both sexes. On the face, chest, arms, and legs of males— grows ins response to androgens (testosterone) What is a sudoriferous gland? a. Sweat gland b. Are all over the skin except the nipples and part of external genitalia c. 2 types: eccrine and apocrine Compare and contrast sensible and insensible perspiration. a. Insensible perspiration: i. Interstitial fluid—lost by diffusing through tissues to evaporate through the stratum corneum ii. You lose ~1 pint of water each day this way b. Sensible perspiration: i. Water excreted by sweat glands Compare and contrast the causes and clinical signs of dehydration and (over)hydration of the skin. a. Dehydration results i. From damage to S. Corneum (i.e., burns and blisters (insensible perspiration)) 1. water will be lost faster ii. from immersion in hypertonic solution (i.e., seawater (osmosis)) 1. water is drawn out faster b. Hydration results: i. Results from immersion in hypotonic solutions (i.e., freshwater (osmosis)) ii. Causes stretching and wrinkling skin (i.e., pruny fingers in a bath) Compare and contrast the structure AND function of an eccrine and apocrine sweat gland. Make sure you know what modes of secretion are associated with each gland! a. Eccrine (Merocrine) sweat glands i. Excretes water and electrolytes through a sweat pore on skin to cool the body 1. Sensible perspiration ii. Found over the entire body 1. More abundant at palms, soles, and forehead iii. Sweat released by exocytosis 1. Merocrine mode of secretion b. Apocrine sweat glands i. Most common in armpit and anogenital regions lOMoARcPSD|23780900 ii. iii. iv. v. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. Larger than eccrine glands Ducts empty into hair follicles Mode of secretion is still merocrine Odorless, however, when decomposed by bacteria on the skin a “body odor” is created What is the major function(s) of sebaceous glands? a. Produce oil (Sebum) b. Glands are activated at puberty i. Stimulated by hormones (especially androgens) c. Found all over body except palms and soles d. Large pores at face, neck, and upper chest. Where do sebaceous glands typically empty their contents into? a. Most use ducts that empty hair into follicles What mode of secretion is associated with sebaceous glands? a. HOLOCRINE secretion What are ceruminous glands? What mode of secretion is associated with these glands? What do they produce? What is the purpose of this product? a. Modified apocrine glands found in the lining of external ear canal b. Secrete stick cerumen (earwax) i. Sebum and dead epidermal cells ii. Protects ears (has bitter flavor do deter bugs) c. Apocrine secretion What are mammary glands? What mode of secretion is associated with these glands? a. Specialized apocrine sweat glands that secrete milk b. Exists in both males and females i. Males have little mammary tissue ii. Females—milk develops with increase of hormones when pregnant and after birth (lots of hormones induce the milk production) iii. Apocrine secretion What are the four phases for skin repair? What are some buzz words to describe the main processes which occur in each phase? a. Hemostasis (stop bleeding) i. Vasoconstriction—slows blood flow ii. Platelet plug 1. Tissue injury (phospholipids broken)phospholipasearachidonic acidCOX-1TxA2grabby monkeys 2. Thromboxane A2  platelet plug 3. vWF  connects platelets to each other and the damaged area iii. Clot—fibrin formation—scab b. Inflammation i. Mast cell releases histamine which causes VASODIALATION which causes blood flow to go to wound 1. Histamine CUTS the tight junctions of the endothelium of blood vessels allowing for extravasation ii. Vasodilation 1. Exudate – fluid leaving blood vessels 2. Extravasation – cells leaving blood vessels iii. Color – heat iv. Dolor – pain v. Tumor – swelling vi. Rubor – redness c. Proliferative phase lOMoARcPSD|23780900 36. 37. 38. 39. i. Fibroblasts migrate and deposit ground substance and lay collagen in the wound bed to reorganize connective tissue ii. Angiogenesis (blood vessel creation) takes place iii. Granulation tissue is the new tissue and the new blood vessels being formed 1. Raw skin that’s filling the wound until re-epithelialization occurs d. Remodeling – scarring i. Skin will never return to 100%--only about 80% ii. Keloid—raised scar Now, describe more in detail, ALL of the steps involved in the repair of the integument. There are a lot of terms that you need to know! Here is a substantive, but not necessarily complete list: hemostasis, vasoconstriction, thromboxane A2, vWF, fibrin, thrombus, inflammation, vasodilation, mast cells, histamine, extravasation, proliferation, germinative cells, granulation tissue, fibroblasts, scar tissue, remodeling, tensile strength What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? Know the layman’s terms AND Latin roots! a. Rubor, tumor, color, dolor b. Redness, swelling, heat, and pain Describe the 'Rule of Nines' for burn victims. a. A system used in triage to determine how severely burned a patient is i. In adults: head = 9%, upper limb = 9%, trunk = 36%, lower limb = 18% ii. In children: head = 15%, trunk = 32%, upper limb = 9%, lower limb = 17% Summarize the major effects that aging has on the integument. a. Epidermal thinning b. Decreased # of Langerhans cells c. Decreased vitamin D production d. Decreased melanocyte activity e. Decreased glandular activity (sweat and oil glands)—worse temp regulation f. Reduced blood supply g. Decreased function of hair follicles h. Reduction of elastic fibers i. Decreased hormone levels j. Slower repair rate