Sigmund Freud and Personality Theories in Psychology

- Sigmund Freud - (subconscience and consciousness make up personality) - Repressed - forcibly blocked from our conscious mind - Id - the personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires (animal instincts) - Supergo - a series of socially-trained drives and factors like conscience, morality, altruism, duty, responsibility, planning for the future - Ego - the mediator that essentially mediates what we actually did - and would act to provide for our future - All go against each other in finding out the right solution to the problem - Freud believed that if neglected, these desires of the id would be repressed and manifest themselves latently in our behavior - - Pyschosexual stages (theory…) - Oral - (0-18 months) fixation on the month-sucking, biting, chewing - Anal (18-36 months) fixation on bowel and bladder control; copung with demands for control - Phallic (3-6 years) pleasure zone in the genitals; coping with incestous sexual feelings - boys love mother, consider father rival, try to become the rival and adopt their beliefs and morals and gender identity during this phase (modeling stage from your parents, like your dad to get with your mom) - Latency (6 to puberty) - phrase of dormant sexual feelings - Gentil (puberty onward) maturation of sexual feelings Fixation and Repression - Fixation - pleasure seeking from the childhood stage in an adult personality - Ex - if an adult had been deprived or oral stimulation or overstimulation - Repression - the suppression of our Id’s desires - Freud believed that the more repression will lead it to appear in dreams - Freudian slips - an error in speech, memory, or physical action that occurs due to the interference of an unconscious subdued wish or internal train of thought - Ex - one with a repressing sex drive might try to count but might say sex instead of six - Types of repression - Regression - retreating to a more infantile stage of development - Reaction formation - switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites - Projection - disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to other - - - - - - - Rationalization - offering self-justifying explanations in place of the ore real, threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions Displacement - shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person Sublimation - transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives or professions (using angry for a preductive activity) Denial - refusing to accept or perceive painful realities Psychanalysis - Freud believed that one could decode our latent unconscious desires by analyzing the manifest content - free association therapy - saying whatever comes to your mind regardless of how vulgar or embarrassing it may be. The key to free association was to allow speech and the mind to flow freely - Freud believed that hypnosis could be used to discover unconscious desires or problems as patents cound perhaps tap into the unconscious mind or forgotten/blocked memories - Thematic apprerceptation test (TAT) prompts the patient to tell a story about an ambigous picture - Inkblok test - made by Herman Rorschach - shows how ambiguous inkblots and prompts the patient to provide the first word or words that come to mind Alfred Adler - (student of Freud) believed that childhood social tensions are crucial for personality development - Believed any lingering or repressed issues from the past - Focused on childhood trauma will affect your adulthood later in life Carl Jung - propounded the controversial concept of the collective unconscious - Believed in a common reservoir of images or archetypes derived from our species universal experience - Ex - in nearly all cultures, order, conquest, and time are represented by fathers or males, and creation, nurture, and chaos are generally represented by mothers or females Behavioral and social cognition personality theory - Behaviorists exclusively believed that our pesonalities were shaped by learned experience. (nurture) - Social cognition - researchers asserted that personality was actually an interaction of environmental, cognition, and personal factor (genetic) - Fails to recognized nature - Reciprocal determinism (Albert Bandura) - the intereadction of the environment, traits, and cognition - social cognition theorists believed that these three factors interact to produce one’s preferences and behavior - - Self-actualization - at or near the high point of the needs hierarchy, where one helped their community and the greater world - To realize your own potential or weakness to get better - Self-effecacy - a belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task - by developing their confidence and competence - Believing in yourself Carl Rogers - founding humanist psychologist - believed that one’s ability to self-actualize could be achieved through person-centered perspective - a therapeutic technique centered around the patient and their own self-assesment. The purpose of this is to let the patient guide the conversation and self-assess their own weaknesses, problems, strengths, and solutions - Positive self-concept - viewing themselves as generally good and capable of improvement. It is done by … - Genuineness - required for someone to truly accept themselves and be accepted among loved ones. Must drop our faceds that filter our true personality - Acceptance - they will respect your genuineness as your best attempt to live a meaningful life (regardless of how well you actually do according to their standards) - Unconditional positive regard - the idea that people respect your agency to choose to act or respond to life your best possible effort - Empathy - required for one to feel listened to and understood. One must hear the message of the patient and reflect their meaning back to the patient (showing active listening)