University:
Kentucky State University
Course:
BIO 301 | Human Anatomy
Academic year:

2019
Views:

125

Pages:

48
Author:

sse8nul8d

Glands Glandular epithelial cells may synthesize, store, and secrete: • Proteins (e.g; pancreas) • Lipids (e.g; adrenal, sebaceous glands • Complexes of carbohydrates and protein (e.g; salivary glands). 1-Formation of glands from covering epithelia 2-Epithelial cells proliferate 2-Epithelial cells proliferate 3- Penetrate connective tissue followed by 3- Penetrate connective tissue followed by 4-Further differentiation 5-If they maintain contact with the surface, exocrine glands are formed 4-Further differentiation 5-If they lose contact with the surface, endocrine glands are formed Classification of glands: • Glands are generally classified into two major groups: • Exocrine glands • Release their products onto an epithelial surface, either directly or through a duct e.g; the salivary glands. • Endocrine glands release their products ( hormones) into the blood stream, e.g; thyroid gland. • Mixed variety: some glands possess both exocrine and endocrine function .e.g; pancreas, liver cells. Glands can be also classified according to the number of cells : A. Unicellular glands • Goblet cells which are present in the lining epithelia of large intestine and the respiratory tract. • DNES (Diffuse Neuro-Endocrine Systems), or APUD (Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation) in small intestine. B. Multicellular glands • They form most of the glands of the body • Salivary glands, Lacrimal gland, sweat glands… Mucus cells or goblet cells Goblet cell The goblet cell is highly polarized its nucleus and other organelles are concentrated at the base of the cell. The apical part of the cell's cytoplasm is occupied by membrane-bound secretory granules containing mucin Goblet cell Functions of goblet cells Goblet cells in the respiratory tract You should appreciate polarity What do think about their function? Unicellular gland DNES (Diffuse Neuro-Endocrine Systems), or APUD Multicellular glands For example, Stomach glands These can also be classified on the basis of: ❖Morphology of ducts and secreting portions. ❖Nature of secretory product. ❖Mode of secretion. Classified according to the duct system and the secretory part Duct simple Secretory part Compound tubular Acinar (alveolar) Tubulo-acinar Morphology of ducts and secreting portions  Classified by structure of duct:  Simple : “if a gland consists of a single secretory passage”.  Compound: “ if a gland containing a branched duct system”.  Categorized by secretory unit:  Tubular  Acinar  Tubulo- acinar SIMPLE Glands (Ducts Do Not Branch) Simple Tubular Example This means simple Mucous glands of colon + Secretory portion Tube like Simple Tubular Simple tubular Simple Branched Tubular Example Glands in the uterus and stomach This means simple + Several long secretory parts joining to drain into 1 duct Simple Branched Tubular Simple branched tubular Several long secretory parts joining to drain into 1 duct Simple Coiled Tubular Example Sweat glands This means simple + Secretory portion is very long and coiled Simple Coiled Tubular Simple coiled tubular Simple coiled tubular A single tube, tightly coiled in 3 dimensions eg. Sweat glands Simple coiled tubular Simple Acinar (or Alveolar) Example This means simple + Small mucous glands along the urethra Rounded, saclike secretory portion Simple Acinar (or Alveolar) Simple acinar Simple branched acinar This means simple + Secretory portion is very long and coiled Simple branched acinar Simple branched acinar Compound exocrine glands COMPOUND Glands (Ducts from Several Secretory Units Converge into Larger Ducts) Compound Tubular Example This means Compound + Several elongated coiled secretory units and their ducts converge to form larger duct Compound Tubular Compound tubular Compound acinar Example This means Compound + Several saclike secretory units with small ducts converge at a larger duct Compound acinar Compound acinar Compound tubulo - acinar example This means Compound + Ducts of both tubular and acinar secretory units converge at larger ducts Compound tubulo - acinar Compound tubulo - acinar Exocrine Glands Classified according to nature of secretion: • Serous: • Mucous: • Mixed: Classification on the basis of nature of secretory product 1. Mucous glands: produce carbohydrate-rich secretion which is called mucus, e.g; Pyloric glands of stomach 2. Serous glands: these glands produce watery, protein-rich secretions, often high in enzymatic activity e.g; Exocrine pancreas, the parotid salivary gland. 3. Mixed glands: these glands produce both mucous and serous secretions e.g; the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands. Serous gland Parotid gland Mucous gland Esophagous gland Mixed gland : Seromucous gland Submandibular gland Classification on the basis of the mode of secretion Classification on the basis of the mode of secretion: • Depending on their mode of secretion i.e; the manner in which the secretory product is elaborated. • The exocrine glands are classified into the following: 1. Merocrine (eccrine) glands 2. Apocrine glands 3. Holocrine glands Merocrine glands Merocrine glands : The secretory product is delivered in membrane-bounded vesicles to the apical surface of the cell. Here, vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and extrude their contents by exocytosis. Example: Sweat gland, Pancreas and salivary glands. Apocrine glands Apocrine glands : In these glands part of the apical cytoplasm is lost along with the secretory material. 1. Lactating mammary glands, 2. Special sweat glands located in axilla , perianal area & areola of nipples. 3. Ceruminous glands of the external auditory meatus (ear) Mammary glands Holocrine glands Holocrine glands: In these glands entire cells laden with secretory material disintegrate and all of the cellular contents are discharged from the gland as secretions. e.g; the sebaceous glands of skin

Classification of Glands

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