University:
Liberty University
Course:
BIOM 500 | Introduction to Biomedical Sciences
Academic year:

2024
Views:

331

Pages:

5
Author:

Sheha A.

Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP (Hexokinase) Glucose-6-phosphate → Fructose-6-phosphate (Phosphoglucoisomerase) Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP (Phosphofructokinase) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate → Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (Aldolase) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate ⇌ Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (Triose phosphate isomerase) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Pi + NAD⁺ → 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H⁺ (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate + ADP → 3-Phosphoglycerate + ATP (Phosphoglycerate kinase) 3-Phosphoglycerate → 2-Phosphoglycerate (Phosphoglycerate mutase) 2-Phosphoglycerate → Phosphoenolpyruvate + H₂O (Enolase) Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP → Pyruvate + ATP (Pyruvate kinase) **Disaccharide of Glucose** Maltose (Glucose + Glucose) Lactose (Glucose + Galactose) Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose) * Lactose is a disaccharide present in the milk of mammals. It is composed of glucose and galactose. * 3 types of lactose intolerance: * Congenital Lactase Deficiency: * Very rare * Lactose intolerance is present from birth. * Adult-type hypolactasia: * Most common type * Lactose intolerance develops in adulthood. * Delayed-onset hypolactasia: * Lactose intolerance develops in childhood or adolescence. **Clinical Manifestations:** * Lactose intolerance can cause a variety of symptoms, including: * Abdominal cramps * Bloating * Diarrhea * Gas * The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the level of lactose intolerance. **Diagnosis:** * Lactose tolerance test: * Measures blood glucose levels after drinking a lactose solution. * Hydrogen breath test: * Measures the amount of hydrogen gas produced by bacteria in the colon after consuming lactose. * Stool acidity test: * Measures the pH of the stool after consuming lactose. **Treatment:** * The primary treatment for lactose intolerance is to avoid or limit lactose consumption. * Lactose-free milk and dairy products are available. * Lactase enzyme supplements can be taken to help digest lactose.