University:
Liberty University
Course:
BIOM 500 | Introduction to Biomedical Sciences
Academic year:

2024
Views:

369

Pages:

5
Author:

Sheha A.

Urethral Bladder Cancer Risk Factors: Age: >55 years Gender: Males > Females Smoking: Most common cause 3-4x increased risk 50% of cases Occupational Exposure: Dye factory workers Rubber industry Paint manufacturers Chronic Bladder Irritation: Urinary tract infections Bladder stones Indwelling catheters Exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., cyclophosphamide) Family History: Genetics: Mutations in P53, FGFR3, and other genes Pathogenesis: Multi-step process: Normal urothelium Hyperplasia Dysplasia Carcinoma in situ Invasive cancer Clinical Presentation: Hematuria: Most common symptom Can be painless or associated with dysuria Irritative voiding symptoms: Frequency Urgency Dysuria Obstructive symptoms: Difficulty urinating Weak stream Hesitancy Other symptoms: Back pain Weight loss Fatigue Diagnosis: Urinalysis: Microscopic hematuria Cystoscopy: Direct visualization of the bladder Biopsy for histological confirmation Imaging: CT scan MRI Ultrasound Staging: TNM system: T: Tumor size and depth of invasion N: Lymph node involvement M: Metastasis Treatment: Surgery: Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) Partial or total cystectomy Chemotherapy: Intravesical chemotherapy Systemic chemotherapy Radiotherapy: External beam radiotherapy Brachytherapy Immunotherapy: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy Targeted therapy: Checkpoint inhibitors Prognosis: Depends on stage and grade of the tumor Overall 5-year survival rate: ~80% Recurrence is common d) Roles & Responsibilities of the Nurse Nurse Responsibilities in Discharge Planning Planning for the discharge begins upon admission. Nurse's responsibilities include: Assessment Evaluation Communication Coordination Assessment Evaluation of the patient by the nurse Discuss personal with the patient Determine the home environment Plan for discharge Assess patient's needs Assess potential supports Determine real follow-up appointments