University:
Liberty University
Course:
BIOM 500 | Introduction to Biomedical Sciences
Academic year:

2024
Views:

232

Pages:

5
Author:

Sheha A.

Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) GGT enzyme is widely distributed in tissues, including liver, kidneys, pancreas, and intestines. A sensitive index of GGT activity is double the normal level. Parallelism of GGT and alkaline phosphatase levels indicates hepatobiliary obstruction. Normal GGT level is 5-40 IU/L. Serum GGT levels are elevated in biliary obstruction and alcoholism. Creatine Kinase (CK) It is the most widely used enzyme in the diagnosis of heart and skeletal muscle diseases. The concentration varies in serum in healthy individuals. It is best to measure CK in serum as it is more stable. Increases in CK reflect tissue injury and muscle necrosis, particularly heart and skeletal muscle. 2. Aldolase: Increase in serum aldolase is seen in progressive muscular dystrophies. The enzyme is present in skeletal muscle. The enzyme rises in muscular dystrophy and returns to normal within 24-48 hours of the exercise. A four-fold increase in aldolase is observed in progressive muscular dystrophy. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): The normal activity of ALP enzyme is 10-40 IU/L. ALP is especially useful in diagnosis of bone and liver diseases. Since the enzyme is also a major enzyme of bone, possible role in calcium, phosphate deposition in bone. This enzyme is also seen in diseases like Paget's disease, rickets, osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism, osteoporosis, osteoblastic metastasis. In addition to malignant diseases, painable metastatic mets raise the enzyme activity because of 2 factors: Some malignant cells are capable of producing ALP. Secondary infiltration of bone marrow by malignant cells causes damage to these cells. PGE-ALP originates from bone cells, forming about 90% of total ALP activity. Elevation in its activity seen in bone diseases. It is best labeled, being destroyed by heat.