University:
Liberty University
Course:
BIOM 500 | Introduction to Biomedical Sciences
Academic year:

2024
Views:

108

Pages:

7
Author:

Sheha A.

**Muscle disease** 1. **Creatine kinase (CK)** * CK is the most widely used enzyme to diagnose and follow muscle disease. * Its concentration rises in serum in response to muscle injury and is the best measure of the tissue of muscle injury. * Infarcts, intramuscular injections, vigorous exercise, polymyositis & muscular dystrophy increase the serum CK level. 2. **Aldolase** * An increase in serum aldolase is found in myotonic muscular disease such as progressive muscular dystrophy and polymyositis. * The enzyme rises in myocardial infarction, reaches a maximum with 24-48 hrs and returns to normal in the course of 5 days. * In the muscular disease, Aldolase A isoenzyme is elevated. **Bone Disease: Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)** Raised activity of ALP enzyme is especially useful in diagnosis of bone and liver pathology. Since these are the major source of ALP enzyme. * ALP in bone probably plays a role in calcium-phosphate deposition in bone. * This enzyme is also elevated in several bone diseases where osteoblastic activity increase. **e.g. Paget's disease, rickets, osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism** In addition malignant diseases, primary or metastatic, may also raise the enzyme activity because of 2 factors: 1. Some malignant cells are capable of producing ALP. 2. Secondary infiltration of bone marrow by malignant cells causes damage to these organs. PGE-ALP originates from bone cells, forming about 90% of total ALP activity. Elevation in its activity seen in bone diseases. It is best labeled, being destroyed at 65°C for 10 minutes. **Prostate Cancer** The most commonly used prostate cancer markers with diagnostic activity are: * Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) * Acid Phosphatase (ACP) or prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) **Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP)** Also Prostate Specific Acid Phosphatase (PSAP) is an enzyme produced by the prostate. * It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer or other disease. * Normal range of prostatic acid phosphatase is 2.2-13 ng/ml (0.06-0.37 IU/L). * It is the first major serum marker for prostate cancer. **Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)** * Several studies showed PSA to be may sensitive tumor marker for prostate cancer than PAP. * PAP is also found to be more reliable than PAP for the early detection of disease progression. Similar results have been observed regarding pathological stage. Thus for all stages of prostate cancer, PSA elevated more frequently than PAP. PSA was found to be more sensitive than PAP in monitoring the effect of radiotherapy in prostate cancer patients. As an immuno histochemical marker, PSA appears to be more specific marker for prostate than PAP.