University:
Liberty University
Course:
BIOM 500 | Introduction to Biomedical Sciences
Academic year:

2024
Views:

438

Pages:

6
Author:

Sheha A.

Pain Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Causes: Injury, surgery, infection Social violence, disease, psychological Types of Pain On the basis of duration: Acute pain: pain for short duration. Chronic pain: pain for long duration. On the basis of location: Neuropathic pain: pain caused by injury to nerves of the nervous system. Somatic pain: pain caused by injury to tissues of the musculoskeletal system, social and emotional causes. On the basis of severity: Mild pain Moderate pain Severe pain On the basis of physical sources Superficial Pain: Pain is in skin Deep Pain: This pain is due to damage of tissue. Visceral Pain: Pain in internal cavity. Physiology of Pain There are 4 physiological processes of normal pain: Transduction: A thermal, mechanical, chemical stimulus usually activates a pain receptor. Transduction Produced by diverse physical or chemical stimuli to electrical impulses. Once the transduction is complete, transmission of the pain impulse. 2. Transmission Cellular damage from thermal, mechanical, or chemical injuries. Release of substances such as prostaglandins, histamine, and bradykinin. These substances activate nociceptors. Spinal cord pulses travel up the spinal cord. Thalamus receives these impulses and transmits them to various areas of the brain, where pain perception occurs. 3. Perception Psychological and cognitive factors interact with the physiological factors. The thalamus is the first structure in the brain to process pain impulses. It sends impulses to many areas of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system.