University:
Liberty University
Course:
BIOM 500 | Introduction to Biomedical Sciences
Academic year:

2024
Views:

341

Pages:

5
Author:

Sheha A.

Disorders of Carbohydrates Lactose intolerance: High age: No appearance of the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. Lactose is present in breast milk. Absence of the enzyme lactase Presence of lactose intolerance Symptoms of lactose intolerance Types of lactose intolerance: Congenital lactose deficiency: Rare, genetic disorder. Primary lactose deficiency: Most common, age-related decline in lactase activity. Secondary lactose deficiency: Damage to intestinal mucosa, e.g., due to diseases like celiac disease, Crohn's disease, etc. Clinical 1. Osmotic diarrhea Lactose is not digested and absorbed in the intestine. Lactose draws water into the intestine, leading to diarrhea. Lactose takes up water, this water will be filled with electrolyte, and it forms osmotic diarrhea. 2. Flatulence Undigested lactose is broken down by bacteria in the colon, producing gas. Metabolic pathways: Steps: Hexokinase/Glucokinase: - ATP Phosphoglucoisomerase: - Phosphofructokinase-1: - ATP, 2ADP Aldolase: - Triose phosphate isomerase: - Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase: - NADH, 2ADP Phosphoglycerate kinase: + ATP Phosphoglycerate mutase: - Enolase: - Pyruvate kinase: + ATP, 2ADP