University:
Liberty University
Course:
BIOM 500 | Introduction to Biomedical Sciences
Academic year:

2024
Views:

218

Pages:

5
Author:

Sheha A.

1. Diet and Exercise: Balanced diet: Emphasizes high protein, low carbohydrates, low saturated fats, and adequate fiber. Vegetables: Recommended as a good source of minerals, vitamins, and fiber. Low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets (LCKD): Mentioned as helpful in controlling diabetes mellitus. 2. Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulphonylureas and biguanides: Are the main types of oral drugs used in type 2 diabetes mellitus. 3. Insulin Injections: Insulin: The drug of choice for type 1 diabetes. Also used in type 2 diabetes when oral drugs are insufficient. 4. Prevention of Complications: Hyperglycemia: High blood glucose levels can lead to complications. Insulin's role: Insulin is used to reduce blood glucose levels. Type 1 vs. Type 2: Type 1 diabetes involves absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves relative insulin deficiency. Complications of Diabetes Glucosuria: When blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold (180 mg/dL), glucose is excreted in urine. Polyuria: Due to the osmotic effect of glucose, the body loses more water, leading to increased urination. Polydipsia: To compensate for water loss, the thirst center is activated, leading to increased water intake. Muscle wasting: Since carbohydrates are not readily available for energy, the body breaks down proteins to produce energy, leading to muscle wasting. Delayed wound healing: In diabetes, reduced blood flow and impaired immune function hinder wound healing. Loss of body weight: Increased urine output, poor appetite, and protein breakdown can lead to weight loss. Polyphagia: To compensate for the loss of weight due to muscle wasting, diabetics eat more. Ketosis: In the absence of insulin, lipolysis is increased, so more acetyl-CoA is produced. Since oxaloacetate is deficient, acetyl-CoA cannot enter the TCA cycle, so acetyl-CoA is directed to the synthesis of ketone bodies. This leads to ketonemia, ketonuria, and consequently ketosis.