Body Temperature Balance Concept

Body Temperature Balance Concept Body temperature consists of 2 types 1. Core temperature is the temperature in the inner body tissues which is relatively constant at 37 C except when people suffer from fever. 2. Surface temperature is the temperature on the surface of the body. The environmental temperature will rise and fall affect body surface temperature Normal Body Temperature -Normal body temperature 98.0 F- 98.6 F ÿ P. Oral -Rectal measurements show higher resultsÿ 1 F or 0.6 C - Physical work will increase body temperature ÿ 101-104 F ÿ rectal - Cold environmental temperature ÿ 96 Fÿ rectal Body temperature balance -Heat is produced in the body as a result of metabolism. -Heat is continuouslyÿ dissipated into the environment. -Heat generation will correspond to the rate of heat loss in the person who has it heat balance -Excessive formationÿ body heat increasesÿ body temperature increases. -Excessive lossÿ body heat decreasesÿ body temperature decreases -Liver, brain, heart & skeletal musclesÿ heat productionÿ transmitted to the skin as temperature body The rate of heat loss is determined by: 1. The rate at which heat is conducted from the core of the body to the skin. 2. The speed at which heat is transferred from the skin to its surroundings 3. The rate of heat loss is influenced by the nervous system 4. Blood flow velocity ÿ affects heat conduction Heat generation comes from: 1. BMR speed (Basal metabolic rate) 2. Increased BMR due to muscle activity, especially when shivering 3. Increased thyroxine production 4. Increased epinephrine and non-epihephrine. 5. Increased temperature due to fever. The mechanism of body heat loss can occur by: 1. Radiation (60%) -The definition of radiation is the transfer of heat without the need for an intermediary substance -Loss in the form of infrared waves emitted outside the body. -All objects that are not at zero temperature emit infrared heat waves. - The human body spreads heat in all directions - Heat waves are emitted on walls and other objects to the body. - If body temperature > environmental temperature, more heat is emitted outside the body rather than being accepted by the body 2. Conduction 3% - Conduction is the transfer of heat through a conducting substance without displacement parts of that substance. - Conduction in objects whose temperature is below body temperature - Heat is lost in the body through direct conduction across the surface of the body to other objects 3. Convection (15%) - Convection is the transfer of heat through a conducting substance accompanied by movement of parts of the substance. - Convection occurs in air movement. - First it is conducted into the air and then carried through convection flows. 4. Evaporation (22%) - Evaporation or evaporation is the process of changing molecules in a liquid state (for example water) spontaneously becomes a gas (for example water vapor). - Evaporation occurs continuously through the respiratory tract, skin respiration. - Water evaporates insensiblely from the skin ±600ml/day - Heat loss is around 0.58 cal/g water. Factors influencing body temperature 1. Age BBL: 36.1-37.7 °C 1 year: 37.7 °C 2-5 years: 37.2 °C 6- Adults: 37 °C Elderly: 36 °C > 75 years ÿ risk of hypothermia (< 36 °C) because: 1. Inadequate dietÿ inadequate heat production. 2. Loss of subcutaneous fat ÿ inadequate heat insulation, lack of activity. 3. Time and Gender - Time varies 1.1-1.6 °C - Women are usually better at isolating heat & maintaining internal temperature. - The increase in progesterone during ovulation causes a change in temperature of about 0.3-0.5 °C. - Estrogen & Progesterone ÿ increase in BMR 4. Emotions -When emotions are unstable, for example in a state of anger , the temperature increases body. -Apathy & depression ÿ decreased body temperature. 4. Sports: -Muscle activity ÿ body temperature increases. -Strenuous activity ÿ temperature rises 2.7 °C -Chew gum vigorously ÿ mouth temperature rises by 0.5 °C 5. Food, Liquids & Smoking - Drinking & eating hot foodÿ oral temperature rises. - Drink ice waterÿ oral temperature drops ±0.9 °C - Regular eating & smoking ÿ temperature increases 6. Environment - An environment with a higher temperature > body temperature ÿ the body will absorb heat from environment . - An environment with a lower temperature > body temperature ÿ the body will release heat to environment . Characteristics of Fever 1. Overheating 2. Crisis for redness 3. Heat stroke (heat stroke) Effects of high temperatures on body systems 1. Local bleeding 2. Parenchymatous degeneration of cells throughout the body. Parenchymatous degeneration is The mildest degeneration, swelling and turbidity of the cytoplasm occurs. 3. Damage to the liver, kidneys & other body organs. Cold Air Exposure -Exposure to ice water for 20-30 minutes ÿ cardiac arrest or fibrillation. -Temperature falls less than 85 F ÿ ability of the hypothalasmus to regulate temperature disappeared completely. -The rate of heat generation in cells is reduced ±2x for every 10°F decrease -Drowsy-comaÿ suppresses CNS regulatory mechanisms & shivering mechanisms. Frostbite Forsbite is a clot caused by the body being exposed to very low temperatures characterized by: - Frozen ears and fingers -Permanent damage to body organs - Melting of gangrene Fever Assessment -DS: the client says he is hot, feels thirsty, dizzy and has a fever - DO: -Temp: 37.5-38 C -The skin feels cold or hot - Skin looks reddish -RR, BP and N increase -Chills or sweating - Urine production decreases Assessment of decreased body temperature (cold) -DS: the client complains of feeling cold, complains that the hands and feet become stiff, states hard to breathe. -DO: Temp 35-36.8 C -Skin feels cold & pale -RR, TD & N increase or decrease -Decreased sensation in the hands or feet -Experiencing diorientation -Urine production increases Nursing diagnoses 1. Hyperthermia related to increased metabolism, dehydration or exposure to heat circles. 2. Hypothermia related to exposure to cold environments or inadequate clothing 3. Potential for changes in temperature related to pain due to trauma that affects it temperature regulator. - Medications that cause vasoconstriction, vasodilation, changes in metabolic status. - Inactivity / lots of activity 4. . Inaffective thermoregulation b/d - Decrease in BM due to aging. - Trauma or illness High risk conditions require heat/cold therapy 1. Open wounds, damaged skin 2. The location swells (edema). 3. Peripheral blood vessel disorders, for example DM 4. Spinal trauma 5. Tooth abscess or appendicitis 6. Very young and old people Hyperthermia -Is an increase in body temperature above normal. -Signs: increased pulse and RR, shivering, sometimes cold/warm feeling, skin feeling hot, increased sweating, anorexia, red and warm skin, possible dehydration, flushing of the skin. Hypothermia -Is a decrease in body temperature below normal -Symptoms: severe chills, decreased temperature, pallor, hypotension, urinary trauma, disorientation, drowsiness