Chapter 21 - Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease Risk factors for CVD Genetic Lifestyle Clinical Measures High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, smoking, obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, excessive alcohol intake Life-Style Management of CHD Atherosclerosis * artery wall becomes progressively thicker due to plaque formation Consequences of Atherosclerosis * Plaque buildup, promoting blood clotting Causes of Atherosclerosis * Abnormal blood lipids * High blood pressure * Cigarette smoking, or other toxic substances * Inflammation * Infectious agents Coronary Heart Disease * Most common type of CVD * Affects coronary arteries * Can lead to heart attack Risk Factors * High blood pressure * High cholesterol * Diabetes * Smoking * Obesity * Physical inactivity * Poor diet * Stress * Age * Family history Management * Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, smoking cessation, weight management) * Medications (blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar) * Procedures (angioplasty, stenting, bypass surgery) Prevention * Regular checkups * Healthy lifestyle habits * Early detection and treatment of risk factors Additional Information * CVD is a leading cause of death worldwide * Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes * Lifestyle changes are crucial for preventing and managing CVD Nutrition Therapy for Hypertriglyceridemia Control body wt, total fat, limit intake of refined carbs Essential fatty acids for triglycerides Medications for triglycerides Fish oil supplements recommended when advised by physician Hypertension Primary cause is unknown - "silent killer" 1/3 of adults unaware they have it Affects >50 mil people in US Factors Influencing Blood Pressure Cardiac output: volume of blood pumped by heart Peripheral resistance: resistance of blood in arteries Nervous system regulates heart and muscle contractions Hormonal signals may cause fluid retention and constriction Contributing Factors to Hypertension Smoking, medication, stress Primary or essential hypertension Secondary hypertension Treatment of Myocardial Infarction Drug therapies given immediately after Lifestyle changes: diet, exercise, smoking cessation, stress management Medications to prevent blood clots, regulate heart rhythm, and reduce heart rate Surgical procedures: angioplasty, stent, bypass surgery Stroke 4th most common cause of death in US Ischemic Stroke: obstruction of blood flow to brain tissue Hemorrhagic Stroke: bleeding within brain Stroke Management Early diagnosis and treatment Preserve brain tissue, minimize long-term disability Anticoagulant drugs used within 4.5 hrs offer assistance Rehabilitation programs: physical therapy, occupational therapy, kinesiotherapy Nutrition care: helps maintain nutrition status and prevent pressure ulcers, tube feedings may be needed until patient regains ability to swallow Hypertension Treatment Weight reduction DASH diet Limit alcohol, sugar beverages, salt intake Sodium restriction Medications to reduce blood pressure Heart Failure Heart’s inability to pump adequate blood also called congestive heart failure various causes: often consequence of chronic hypertension or CHD leading cause of hospitalization in adults > 65 years old Consequences of Heart Failure Left-sided failure build up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) Right-sided failure fluid demise to activity blood backs up in peripheral tissues (edema) fluid accumulation in lower extremities, ascites Affects food intake & level of FA Nutrition Therapy for Heart Failure Sodium restriction: 1500-3000mg/day with fluid retention, fluid restriction: 2 L/day Adequate fiber intake Cardiac cachexia can not be reversed oral supplements, nutrition support, additions to treatment