Respiratory System (Study Guide)

STUDY GUIDE: Respiratory System a) What does the term “respiration” refer to? b) What are the 4 functions of the respiratory system discussed in class? - Provide O2 and remove CO2, enables vocalization by making speech sounds, increases intreaabdominal pressure, protective/reflexive non-breathing movements Anatomy of the Respiratory System 1) Name all of the structures (in order) that air passes through in getting from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli. Which structures are part of the conducting division? Which are part of the respiratory division? - Conductive: Nose which contains the nasal cavity and is mostly cartilage, Septal Cartilage which forms part of the nasal septum that separates into right and left, 2) Know the anatomy of the nose: a) nasal septum (and its 3 components)- Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) and vomer d) nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior) b) nasal cavity e) nasal choanae – the space between pharynx and nasal cavity c) vestibule lined with skin and has the nasal vibrissae, nasal meatus which is the space below each concha, the posterior nasal apature which is the space between pharynx and nasal concha, paranasal sinuses which have ducts leading to the nasal cavity either duming into superior or middle meatus or nasolacrimal duct draining into the inferior meatus f) nasal vibrissae- hairs in the nose 3) What structures drain into the nasal cavity? - The paranasal sinuses or nasolacrimal duct 4) What are the 3 functions of the nasal cavity discussed in class? -To warm, moisten and clense the inspired air, there are hairs and mucus that have antibacterial enzymes and cilia that cause a beating movement to bring mucus to the throat as well - Smell- at the top of the nasal cavity, there are olfactory nerves which allow you to smell - Resonating chamber for speech= converts vocal chord sounds into human speech 5) What is the function of nasal vibrissae? 6) What are the functions of the mucous membrane (mucosa) lining the nasal cavity? 7) Where is the pharynx? What does it do? - The pharynx is the passageway connecting the nasal cavity and the larynx and esophagus- it is designed to convay air to the larynx and convey food to the esophogus 8) What are the three parts of the pharynx and where are they located? - Nasopharyx- posterior to the nasal cavity but superior to the soft palate and this has AIR ONLY - Oropharynx- posterior to the oral cavity - Laryngopharynx- posterior to the larynx, can either split into the esophagus or larynx 9) In what part of the pharynx can you find the following structures? a) pharyngeal tonsils- in the nasopharynx- it is lymphoid tissue that traps and destroys pathogens and they are also known as adenoids d) palatine tonsils- Lymphoid tissue in the oroparyx that has the same functions of above d) lingual tonsil e) uvula- is a boundary, swallowing allows for the closing of the nasopharynx c) orifice (opening) of the auditory (phayngotympanic) tube 10) What is the larynx? Where can you find it? What are the functions of the larynx? - it is between the laryngopharynx and the trachea anterior to the neck and is connected to hyoid 11) What are the THREE large unpaired cartilages of which the larynx is composed? Which one is the largest? Which one forms the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)? Which one is the anterior attachment site of the vocal cords? Which one is a flap that closes off the glottis during swallowing? Which one is most inferior? Most superior? - Thyroid Cartilage which is the largestand is the site of the laryngoprominence and is where the attachment of the vocal cords occur -Epiglottis- this closes the larynx when you eat food so you font choke -Cricoid cartilage- complete ring of paired cartilage 12) What is the name of the pair of cartilages to which the vocal folds attach posteriorly? Where are they located? - Arytenoid cartilage- superior to the cricoid cartilage and they can slid together or apart but this is where the vocal cords attach posteriorly 13) What are the vocal cords? Vestibular folds? Vocal folds? - Vocal chords are chords that cause the sound when we speak - Vestibular folds are the fasle superior pair because they don’t produce actual sounds - Vocal folds are the true pair because they make sound 14) How is sound produced by the true vocal cords? How is that sound modified with respect to pitch? How is that sound enhanced and amplified into recognizable speech sounds? - Force of air = the vibration of chords = sound -Tension of air changes the pitch and this is the moving of arytenoids back and forth and rotating - pharynx and oral cavity and nasal cavity helps define and resoates sounds 15) What is the trachea? Where is it? - rigid tube composed of multiple rings of cartilage that is c shaped - it is lined with cilia that beats the mucus upward 16) What is the branching pattern of the bronchial tree? Which tubes are the largest/smallest? - The bronchial tree splits into right and left branches and the right is shorter than the left and is more vertical along with wider - There are the right and left bronchus which splits into that left and right primary bronchi and then split into tertiary bronchi or segmental bronchi, from here they split into bronchioles 17) If you inhale a foreign object, in which primary bronchus is it more likely to end up? Why? - It is more likely to go into the right because it is more verticle and wider 18) Apart from size, how are bronchioles structurally different from bronchi (i.e., what makes it possible for them to constrict)? - they have more smooth muscle forming them and they are smaller in diameter 19) How are all of the following related to one another anatomically? a) terminal bronchioles - the tertiary bronchioles split into d) pulmonary alveoli- the respiratory bronchioles split into alveolar ducts with ourward sacs called alveoli b) respiratory bronchioles- terminal bronchioles spilt to these e) alveolar sacs- cluster of alveoli on a single alveolar duct c) alveolar ducts- the repiratory bronchioles split into these 20) Where does gas exchange take place within the lungs? -The alveolar sac 21) Where are the lungs located? What are the four surfaces of the lungs? - Thy are directly up against the rib cage and sit on the diaphragm - There is the medial side which faces the heart, the inferior side that is the base and is in contact with the diaphragm, the apex which is above the clavical, and the costal surface which is in contact with the rib cage 22) How does the left lung differ from the right lung with respect to: a) size -smaller than the right b) number of lobes- has 2 lobes right has 3 c) number of fissures- has one fissure right has two d) number of segments- left has 8 or 9 meanwhile right has 10 e) presence of the cardiac notchi- the left one has the cardiac notch the right does not 23) What is pleura? What is the difference between visceral pleura and parietal pleura? -Pluera is the membrane lining the lung and visceral overs the ling and the parietal lines the thorasic wall and has contact with the diaphragm 24) Where is the pleural cavity and what’s inside it? - the pleural cavity is the space between the two layers of pleura and it has lubricating fluid called serous so that the two layers don’t stick or cause friction Physiology of Respiration 25) What is pulmonary ventilation? What are its two phases? -Pulmonary ventilation is breathing -inspiration and expiration are the toe phases 26) How does pulmonary respiration work? What happens to the size of the thorax during each phase? What muscles are involved? Do both phases require muscle contraction? - when you inhale the ribs move up due to the intercostal muscles and it decreases air pressure and when you exhale the thorax explands and when you exhale it gets smaller and exhale only requires muscle contraction when you expire more than you are supposed to 27) What is the dead space? - the air that you inhale that doesn’t make it to the lungs goes through conductive pathways and stays there and this is called dead space 28) Understand the following respiratory volumes and respiratory capacities: a) tidal volume -the amount of air in and out of the lungs during normal breathign e) vital capacity- IRV+EVV=TV b) inspiratory reserve volume - forcibly inhaled air beyond normal and TV f) total lung capacity- maximum amount of air that can be brought into the lungs c) expiratory reserve volume- forcibly removed air d) residual volume- air that is left in the lungs 29) What causes the movement of respiratory gases in/out of capillaries/alveoli/cells? -Moving by diffusion down a concentration gradient 30) What is internal respiration? What is the direction of movement of O 2 during internal respiration (i.e., from where to where)? What about CO 2? -tissue cells and blood O2 is into the cell and CO2 is out 31) Answer the questions of #30 for external respiration? - External respiration is the bring CO2 into the alveolus and O2 into the pulmonary capillary 32) What happens to most of the CO2 that enters the blood during internal respiration? Where does the rest end up? -It goes to alveolus and is breathed out and the rest dissociates into ions 33) What is the formula for the formation of bicarbonate ions from CO2 during internal respiration? What happens to the bicarbonate ions once formed? CO2+H2O yields H2CO3 yields H ions and HC)3- the carbonic acid goes to H ions and HCO3 in the RBC and then HCO3 out 34) What happens to the H+ formed during conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ions? Why doesn't the pH of the erythrocyte get considerably lower? - It ends up getting attached to hemoglobin and it has a low pH and serves as a buffer so that the pH doesn’t get too acidic 35) How is CO2 released from the blood during external respiration? -it goes from the blood to the alveolus which is then breathed out 36) What are 3 mechanisms used by the body for the removal of H + from body fluids? -Exhilation of CO2 - buffer system which creates the rapid change in pH -excretion of H+ ions in urine 37) How does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system maintain stable blood pH? It sends H ions to hemoglobin and the kidneys 38) What happens to blood pH during slow, shallow breathing? Why? What happens to blood pH during fast, deep breathing? Why? Shallow breathing creates the build up of CO2 and shifts equilibrium to the right Fast breathing drives equilibrium to the left and makes it more acidic 39) Where are the respiratory control centers of the brain? - There are 3 centers in the medulla and 1 in the pons and they can set the rhythm and alter it 40) What is the inflation reflex? What receptors are involved in this response? Where are they? What are they sensitive to? Through which cranial nerve do they send information? It is the stretch receptors in the lungs that cause the inflation reflex and cause you not to die from holding your breath and they are innervated by the vagus nerve 41) Where can you find peripheral chemoreceptors ? Central chemoreceptors? What are they sensitive to? -Periphreal is sensitive to downed O2, CO2 up and H up - Chemo are CO2 up and H up 42) Which has a more powerful effect on respiratory activity: O2 levels or CO2 levels? CO2 43) Which higher brain center mediates respiratory changes related to temperature changes Which higher brain center is used for voluntary respiratory control? - Cerebral cortex, precentral gyrus that controls skeletal muscle, and hypothalamus which mediates respiratory changes with pain and emotional stimuli 44) What other receptors (not mentioned above) influence respiration? - irritant receptors and excess mucus and fumes