Lab Exam 1 25 questions: 5 questions- Terminology 3 questions- Chemistry review 3 questions – Acid & Base 4 questions – Microscope & Cells 10 questions - Tissues Anatomical Position- describe TERMS Superior (cephalic)/ Inferior (caudal)- Above(Head)/Lower(Tail end) Lateral / Medial- Outside/Midline Proximal / Distal Closer to midline/Further from midline Anterior / Posterior Front/Back MOVEMENTS Flexion / Extension Decrease joint angle/Increase joint angle Abduction / Adduction Away from body/Towards body Medial Rotation / Lateral Rotation Rotate inwards/Rotate outwards Elevation / Depression Raise up/Raise lower Protraction / Retraction Pronation/ Supination Plantarflexion / Dorsiflextion Eversion / Inversion Circumduction Opposition Acid / Base chemistry Acids donate H+ ions to solution i.e. HCl decreases (becomes more acid) Bases donate OH- ions to solution i.e. NaOH to form water. H + + Cl- As the concentration of H+ increases, the pH Na + + OH- The OH- ions combine with the H+ ions pH Scale is a measure of H+ concentration: 0-14 , 7 neutral pH below 7 acid, above 7 base. 2 Chemistry: 8 Number of electrons in the first two orbitals Hydrogen atomic # 1, needs 1 electron to complete outer orbital Carbon atomic # 6, needs 4 electrons to complete outer orbital Oxygen atomic # 8, needs 2 electrons to complete outer orbital Nitrogen atomic # 7, needs 3 electrons to complete outer orbital Covalent bonds = electrons shared between atoms Ionic bonds = electrons are gained or lost between atoms- results in the formation of ions (i.e. NaCl Na+ + Cl- Dehydration synthesis = removal of H+ and OH- (forms water) to join two atoms together Hydrolysis = adding an H+ and an OH- to split a compound Water is a polar molecule - two hydrogens are partially positive, the oxygen is partially negative. The bonds that hold the hydrogens and oxygen together are covalent bonds = electrons are shared between the two atoms. The bonds between adjacent water molecules are weak hydrogen bonds. Organic Compounds- Macromolecules: Carbohydrates -Glucose C6H12O6 the bonds that hold the atoms together are covalent bonds Lipids – fats- saturated (max number of hydrogens around the carbons), unsaturated (less than the max number of hydrogens around the carbons meaning there are double c=c bonds) Proteins - composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (C-N bonds) formed by dehydration synthesis reaction. Be able to label the parts of the microscope Be able to recognize onion root tip cells (from the virtual lab exercise) Human cheek cells (from the virtual lab exercise) Bacterial cells (from the virtual lab exercise) Histology Refer to the lab and the histology pictures and table. Be able to recognize the four general typed of tissue: Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Be able to recognize specific cell types. (Refer to the histology table and pictures): Simple columnar (digestive tract) Simple cuboidal (kidney tubules) Areolar tissue (throughout the body) Hyaline cartilage Compact bone Blood smear (embryo skeleton, ends of long bones) (spongy bone) a erythrpcytes (in vessels) b leukocytes (bone marrow) Neutrophil* c thrombocytes (in vessels) Platelets* Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle (heart) Smooth muscle (wall of the digestive tract) Neuron (central nervous system)