University:
McGill University
Course:
LING 201 | Introduction to Linguistics
Academic year:

2024
Views:

433

Pages:

2
Author:

A. Tang

Lecture 2: Phonetics (Consonants) Articulation What are the cavities in vocal tract? - How can you tell which cavities are being used? Midsagittal diagram 1. Oral 2. Nasal 3. Pharyngeal Put hand on upper lip - is air coming out above or below? Active articulators: They move! Difference between active vs. passive articulator? - - What are the active articulators and their adjectives? What are the passive articulators and their adjectives? What are phones? • Lower lip - labial • Tongue tip (apex) - apical • Tongue blade (lamina) - laminal • Tongue front (tip + blade ) - coronal • Tongue back (dorsum ) - dorsal • Tongue root (radix ) - radical • Epiglottis - glottal • Glottis and vocal folds/(aka vocal cords) - glottal - They vibrate! Passive articulators - don’t move • Upper lip - labial • Upper teeth - dental • Alveolar ridge - alveolar • Postalveolar region - Everything behind alveolar ridge - I.e. “she” • Hard palate - palatal - I.e. yawn • Velum (soft palate) - velar - I.e. “go” • Uvula - uvular - Not used in english • Pharyngeal wall - pharyngeal - Not used in english Any sound involved in speech production (even before classifying phonemes) What is phonation? How can you determine which type of phonation? Quality of being either voiced or voiceless - I.e. talking: voiced, vocal folds vibrate! vs. whispering: voiceless, no vibration Breathy vs creaky voice? Breathy: lots of air coming out - I.e. nina simone, “feeling good” Creaky: “vocal fry”, like a teenager - Larynx squeezes the vocal folds -> more tense phonation - **judged because the people are judged! I.e. teenagers Difference between 2 types of phones? Consonants: airflow is restricted/stopped Vowels: airflow is unrestricted How are consonants classified? Classified by: 1. Phonation a. Voiced - *nasal consonants are always voiced b. Voiceless 2. Place of articulation 3. Manner of articulation a. Stop i. Oral ii. Nasal b. Fricative: restrict airflow -> friction sound (i.e. “f”) c. Approximant: restrict airflow -> not enough to make friction sound (i.e. “w”) d. Affricate: complex, start w/ stop, release into fricative (i.e. “gin” or “chin”) e. Flap (aka tap): closure is fast (“letter” -> tap on postalveolar) f. Thrill: multiple taps in quick succession (rolled r)

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