University:
McMaster University
Course:
BIOLOGY 4T03 | Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience
Academic year:

2021
Views:

317

Pages:

2
Author:

Sabrina S.

Free Recall: Requires intact hippocampus. HM: Unable to create new memories. Hippocampus removed to stop epilepsy. Explicit Memory: Free recall Cued recall Implicit Memory: Procedural memory Hippocampus: Cortex association cortex: long-term memories Formation of context factual memories Mamillary Bodies: Recall Amygdala: Required to form & store emotional memories within the hippocampus Presynaptic: 100% glutamate required to activate NMDA receptor After hyperpolarization period: AHP is smaller with exercise, AHP is larger as we age Memory Changes: Spines on the dendrites: NMDA receptor, AMPA receptor, and glutamate Hippocampus transfers memory to cortex Korsakoff's Psychosis: Starts in diencephalon (mammillary bodies) and progresses to the rest of the brain Combination of alcoholism and vitamin B deficiency Alcohol opens calcium channels on NMDA receptor Inability to regulate vitamins Apoptosis: cell is eating itself Retrograde amnesia: loss of mamillary body neurons early on Anterograde amnesia: later on Title: Alzheimer's Disease Textual Content: How does stress stop this response? Regulated by serotonin Amount of stress ↓ serotonin ↓ neurogenesis Neurogenesis: Happens every night 3000 neurons die 3000 neurons replaced ACTH → stop neurogenesis (stress) If you can't sleep → neurogenesis cannot happen Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms: Retrograde and anterograde amnesia Early onset: start showing symptoms around age 35 Die between 50-55 years old Genetic app (amyloid precursor protein) Normal onset: start showing symptoms around age 65 Disease in 80s Start in parietal lobe (50%) or hippocampus (90%) Lo determines course of symptoms Hiso genetic Protein under normal circumstances: apoptosis occurs with Ca²⁺ toxicity Only way you can tell if someone has Alzheimer's: Beta-amyloid plaque binding to itself (beta) NFT: Neurofibrillary tangle If you have all the genes for Alzheimer's + stress: Worse Too much Ca²⁺ toxicity: Ca²⁺ coming in through channel Raise acetylcholine, turn off acetylcholinesterase Treatment: Cholinesterase inhibitors Calcium channel blockers Partial NMDA receptor antagonist Why would it work? Preventing extra calcium from coming in → needs to be used early though