University:
Michigan State University
Course:
MED 622 | Endocrinology and Metabolism Clerkship
Academic year:

2024
Views:

60

Pages:

34
Author:

diamundgalx45p

Types of Work Chemical works: building of cellular components, secretions, etc. Mechanical works: muscle contractions, heart pumping, etc. Electrical works: nerve conduction, resting potential (by maintaining the activity of Na+/K+ pumps and other pumps). Respiratory Quotient (RQ) Metabolic Rate  Measurements: - Direct Calorimetry - Indirect Calorimetry (O2 consumption) - Closed method - Opened method Spirometer (measurement of O2 consumption) Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) measurement under basal conditions Basal Conditions - No eaten food for at least 12 hours. - Measurement after a night of restful sleep. - No exercise in the hour prior to the test. - Elimination of all factors that may cause excitement. - Comfortable temperature during measurement. Factors affecting metabolic rate - Exercise: increases - Daily activities - Age: - Sleep: - Climate: - Fever: - Malnutrition; - Specific dynamic action: - Effect of hormones: Thyroid hormones: Male sex hormones increase 10-15%. Growth hormones: Increase 15-20% - Effect of sympathetic stimulation: increases metabolic rate. Regulation of food intake Food intake = Energy expenditure  Neutral Balance  Positive balance  Negative balance Food intake = Energy expenditure  Neutral Balance Hypothalamic control of food intake Feeding center: lateral nuclei.. Satiety center: ventromedial nuclei Amygdala (destruction  psychic blindness. prefrontal cortex: Regulation of food intake Long term regulations Glucostatic theory of hunger and feeding regulation: Lipostatic theory: Leptin Aminostatic theory: Body temperature and its relation to food intake: thermoregulatory and feeding centers Psychosocial factors: Regulation of food intake Long term regulations Glucostatic theory of hunger and feeding regulation: Lipostatic theory: Leptin Aminostatic theory: Body temperature and its relation to food intake: thermoregulatory and feeding centers Psychosocial factors: Short term regulation of food intake These are rapid signals that affect feeding. Gastrointestinal filling: Hormonal factors: Suppression by oral receptors: Obesity Positive balance OBESITY Causes of obesity Neurogenic abnormalities: Genetic factors: Psychosocial factor: Childhood overnutrition: Other causes of obesity: Disorders of the endocrine system (hypothyroidism) and lack of physical exercise. Inanition Negative balance Causes: psychogenic (anorexia nervosa) or hypothalamic abnormalities Starvation and depletion of stores in the body

Metabolic Rate

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