BIO Cheat Sheet 2020

Controls are important because it shows a standard to which the data can be compared too. Also it makes sure that no external factors Bio cheat sheet Unit 2: Key things to know: ● Cellular components and functions of those components ● Cell interaction with its environment ● Cell membrane structure and function ● Cell regulatory mechanisms like osmosis and selective permeability ● Cellular compartmentalization Things to know (in order of protein assembly line) Nucleus: ● Function: protects the DNA ● Structure: Nuclear envelope ○ Double membrane ○ Membrane is fused into spots to create pores ○ This allows large macromolecules to pass through ○ Nucleolus: ● Function: ribosome production ● Builds ribosome subunits from rRNA and proteins ● Exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm and combines to form functional ribosomes Ribosomes: ● Function: makes protein ● Structure: rRNA and protein ○ Two subunits combine Endoplasmic Reticulum: ● Function: ○ compartmentalizes the cell and transports those proteins ○ Makes membranes ○ Synthesis and hydrolysis of many compounds ○ Folds, modifies, synthesizes, packaged into transport vesicles for export ○ Sacs called cristae ● Structure ○ Membrane connected to nuclear envelope and extends throughout the cell ● Types of ER: ○ Smooth ER function ○ Has metabolic processes ○ Synthesizes lipids: oils, phospholipids, steroids, and sex hormones ○ Hydrolyzes glucose (in liver) ○ Detoxifies drugs and poisons in liver (alcohol and drugs) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------○ Rough ER function: ○ Protein secreting cells and packages into transport vesicles for export Golgi Apparatus: ● Post office ● Modifies the protein ● Ships it off into vesicles and is transported to where it needs to go ● Lysosomes and peroxisomes are made in Golgi ● Stomach lining, pancreas, liver is where Golgi will be found because they all make enzymes Mitochondria: ● Found in both plants and animal cells ● Makes energy and ATP ● Cristae (more SA=More ATP) ● 2 membrane and its own DNA Lysosome ● Produced by Gologi ● digests/breaks down material ● Makes enzymes to break down macromolecules ● Only in animal cells Chloroplast ● Photosynthesis to make food for the cell ● Chlorophyll arranged into photosystems ● Thylakoid organized into GRana (the stacks=more ATP bc more SA) ● 2 membranes ● Photosystem in thylakoid, thylakoid in Grana, Grana in chloroplast Vacuole ● Basically storage for the cell :) ● Food vacuole: receive nutrients; usually merges with lyrsocomes ● Contractile vacuoles: collect and pump water into cell ● Central vacuoles (only in plants): provide turgor pressure when full to maintain the structure of the plant ● Stores starch, nutrients, waste ● Lysosome function ● Cell grows ● Renders large SA to V ratio Explain effect of SA to volume ratio on the exchange of materials between cells or organisms and the environment ● Larger SA/Volume is more efficient ● Cilia, root hairs, villi, folds in membranes ○ Increases SA ● Increasing cell size, decreases surface area/volume ratio (takes too long to transport nutrients) Explain how specialized structures and strategies are used for the efficient exchange of molecules to the environment ● Root hairs ○ Extensions of root hairs increase SA: more osmosis could occur within the environment: more ions could be spread ● Guard Cells: create the stomata that lets gases in ○ Can fill the vacuole and open or release the vacuole into exchanging oxygen and CO2 Describe the fluid mosaic model as well as the roles of each of the components of the cell membrane in maintaining the internal environment of the cell ● Phospholipids ○ Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails ● Embedded proteins ○ Serve as enzymes or markers or identifies or transporting materials throughout the cell ● Glycolipids ○ Helps cellular recognition ● Glycoproteins ○ Help for cell communication (receptors) ● Cholesterol ○ Embedded within lipid: maintains fluidity of the membrane Explain how the structure of biological membranes influences selective permeability: ● Small nonpolar molecules like N2, O2 & CO2 move easily through the membrane ● Hydrophilic substances like large polar molecules and ions move across the membrane with the help of protein channels and transport proteins Describe the role of the cell wall in maintaining cell structure and function ● Composed of complex carbs ○ Cellulose ○ Chitin ○ Peptidoglycan ○ Forms a structure and permeability barrier Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to maintain solute and water balance ● Concentration gradients (usually from high ----> low) ● Passive vs active transport ● Facilitated diffusion- helps move large or polar items ● Endo and exocytosis needs energy (bulk transportation) Explain how the structure of a molecule affects its ability to pass through the plasma membrane ● Aquaporins: facilitates transport of water between cells ● Movement of ions- affects polarity of membrane ● Na+/K+: used to maintain membrane polarity ○ When sodium rushes in, the inside becomes more positive than the outside so you have to reverse the polarity (depolarize) ○ Depolarize: sodium comes in ○ Repolarization: potassium comes out Explain how the concentration gradients affect the movement of molecules across membranes ● Tonicity: Hyper, Hypo, Iso ● Osmosis: movement of water ○ Water moves from high water potential to low water potential ● Osmoregulation maintains water balance and allows organisms to control their internal solute composition/water potential Describe similarities and/or differences in compartmentalization between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (ties in evolution connection) ● Endosymbiosis theory ○ Similar structure-double membrane, free ribosomes similar to DNA ○ Asexal production-binary fission ○ DNA processing is similar ○ DNA sequence evidence: DNA of mitochondria and chloroplast is unique compared to the rest of the cell ■ Replicates on its own via binary fission ■ Has circular DNA not linear DNA ● Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic ○ Pro doesnt compartmentalize that much because it is not separated by membranes but Euk does ○ Compartmentalize: cells work separately to perform their functions efficiently ○ EUK is more efficient Water potential formula