Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression

Biology Review WS-Chapter 18-Regulation of Gene Expression Name Date : Write the appropriate word in the blank provided. There is a wordbank located later in the packet to help you. Each word will be used only once. 1 These genes are found in at least half of inherited breast cancers 2. 3. This is a gene that is located upstream from the operon and encodes the repressor n the Lac operon, this binds to the repressor to inactivate it; therefore this is acting as an inducer form of chromatin that is tightly packed together; it is typically not transcribed This gene in Drosophila provides essential information about the anterior-posterior axis (controls the development of the front half of the body) 6. The way genes are controlled in prokaryotic celis; the genes are grouped by related functions; made up of the operator, promoter, and the genes they control; this model was discovered by Jacob and Monod 7 8. off switch in operons This molecule helps with the positive gene regulation of the Lac operon; when there is a lot of it, it binds to the CAP and turns transcription ON a LOT rogrammed cell death 10. small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off 11 4. 5. Control elements that are located thousands of nucleotides away from the promoter of the gene; the DNA bends and brings the control element to the promoter 12. Guardian angel of the genome; the products of this gene inhibit the cell cycle; this gene can activate p21 13. This is what is produced by a regulatory gene 14. This small protein is added to a larger protein to mark it for destruction 15 This is an operon that is usually "off", but can be turned on; an example of this is the Lac operon; usually utilized in catabolic pathways 16. When acetyl groups (-COCH3) are added to histones; this increases transcription 17. This is a gene in Drosophila that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of the offspring's own genotype 18. 9 Both repressible and inducible operons demonstrate this type of control; the operon is switched OFF by an active form of the repressor 19. This gene encodes a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth factor receptor on the PM to a cascade of protein kinases; this stimulates the cell cycle 20. This is a regulatory protein found in the Lac operon, CAMP binds to it and then it switches transcription ON by increasing the frequency of transcription initiation 21. They discovered the operon model in 1961 (which is how genes are regulated in prokaryotic cells) 22. A type of gene regulation in the Lac operon where the amount of glucose is taken into consideration, this affects the amount of CAMP present; this is known as the "volume control" in gene regulation 23. Normal genes that code for proteins that regulate the cell cycle; can be transformed into cancer genes 24. Basic unit of chromatin packing 25. This process occurs in a zygote to give rise to many cells. 26. The portion of the operon that contains the operator; found in front of the genes 27. These genes encode proteins that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth; they inhibit cell division 28. Maternal substances found in the cytoplasm that influence the course of early development 29. The process where different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which are treated as introns 30. This gene is turned on by p53; the products of this gene halt the cell cycle by binding to cdk's which allows time for DNA repair 31. Operons that are usually switched ON, but can be turned off; an example of this is the Trp Operon; usually utilized in anabolic pathways 32. Process that give the "creation of form" 33. Mutations in these genes can lead to transformations in the identity of entire body parts 34. When methyl groups (-CH3) are added to histones; this reduces transcription 35. Control elements that are located close to the promoter 36. The control mechanism for lactose metabolism; this is an example of an inducible operon 37. Process where cells become specialized in structure and function 38. A type of inheritance where the DNA is not changed, and the expression of the genes is due to changes in things like DNA methylation and histone acetylation; the nucleotide sequence of the genome is not altered 39. An example of a repressible operon; this regulates tryptophan levels in the prokaryotic cell 40. This process occurs before differentiation and are molecular changes in the embryo that lead to the specialization of cells (differentiation) 41. 42. The development of spatial organization in which tissues and organs of an organism are all in their characteristic places 43. Adding a methyl group (-CH3) to DNA; this reduces transcription 44. The genes that the operon turns on or off are called the genes Mutated proto-oncogenes; these are cancer-causing genes that cause cells to divide uncontrollably and form tumors Wordbank: Structural genes Histone Acetylation Corepressor Tumor Suppressor Genes Negative Control Oncogenes Determination Pattern Formation Heterochromatin Ubiquitin p53 Proximal Control Elements Jacob & Monod CAP Cell Division Repressor DNA Methylation Apoptosis Lac Operon Alternative RNA Splicing Repressible Operon Cell Differentiation. Operon CAMP Operator Regulatory Gene Nucleosome Ras gene Cytoplasmic Determinants Inducible Operon Trp Operon Morphogenesis BRCA1/BRCA2 Homeotic Genes Maternal Effect Gene p21 gene Proto-oncogenes Allolactose Positive Gene Regulation Promoter Histone Methylation Epigenic Inheritance Bicoid gene Distal Control Elements Section 2-Short Answer Questions: If you don't have enough room, you can show your work on a separate sheet. 1. Specifically, how does a repressor work? What is it regulated by? 2. What type of operons are the repressors made in the "active" form? Which type makes them in the "inactive" form? 3. Which conditions would turn the Lac operon on and have it be the most efficient? 4. What are the 3 parts of an operon? 5. Explain the Trp operon. When is it on? When is it off? 6. Explain positive gene control with respect to the Lac operon. 7. What role does tryptophan play in the Trp pathway? 8. What is an operon? Repressible Operan-gets inhibited when a small molecule binds (Trp Operon) Inducible Operon-gets stimulated when a small molecule binds (Lac Operon) 9. Explain p53 and p21. 10. What is the difference between methylation and acetylation? 11. What type of mutation would convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene? 12. What do transcription factors bind to in the operon? 13. What is the bicoid gene and what does it do?