Developing Supporting Material Study Guide

Developing Supporting Material 1. Use a Variety of Supporting Materials a. Interests the audiences, provides evidence/proof, elaborates your ideas. b. Change the type of source (novel, graph, etc) 2. Consider the Target Audience a. Not every source is appropriate for every audience b. Conservative vs. liberal (ex) 3. Offer Examples: Essential tools used to clarify ideas a. Used to illustrate, demonstrate, describe, and represent the pt of speech b. Brief Examples: single illustration of pts c. Extended Examples: multifaceted illustrations of the idea, item, or event. (more detailed pic) d. Hypothetical Examples: what you believe the outcome will be. 4. Share Stories: Most powerful way of connecting with the aud. a. Most of our knowledge/memory/other things are organized as stories b. Personal: our own experience c. Third Party: Stories we tell about each other d. Anecdotes: brief/meaningful/entertaining incidents based on real life i. Attention drawing, persuading the view of the speaker ii. Moral aspect/lesson learned = important 5. Draw on Testimony (def. witness) a. Paraphrasing/Quoting people with knowledge on topic b. Expert Testimony: findings, witness accounts, opinions by professionals trained to eva. A topic. c. Lay Testimony: non-expert, eyewitness, firsthand info unavailable to others. 6. Provide Facts and Statistics a. Req. evidence in form of facts + statistics i. Facts: doc. Occurrences, events, time, people, places b. Use Statistics Selectively: Summarizes, compares, predicts. i. Help clarify complex ideas c. Use Statistics Accurately i. Frequency: count of number of times something occurs d. Use Percentages to Express Proportion i. Frequency = percentage, helps with comparison e. Use types of Averages Accurately: info. Typically characteristics, i. Mean, median, mode f. Present Statistics Ethically: Inaccurate info = NO i. Use reliable sources: most authoritative source, methods used to generate the data ii. Present Statistics in Context: Inform when the data the collected, method used to collect data, scope of research iii. Dont claim the data is declarative (permanent) iv. Refer to sources orally, no cherry picking g. Use Visual Aids Whenever Possible i. Graphs h. Win Acceptance of Your Supporting Materials i. Credible sources = MUST = Credibility Finding Credible Print and Online Materials 1. Assess Your Research Needs a. Consider a Mix of Primary and Secondary Sources i. Primary: Firsthand accounts or direct evidence of events, objects, or people ii. Secondary: Analysis or commentary about things not directly observed or created 1. News, commentary, analysis, articles b. Use a Library Portal to Access Credible Sources i. Def: Electronic entry point into its holdings 1. Precise selection of articles chosen by professionals ii. Most cutting edge and reliable research on almost any topic iii. Deep Web: the large portion of the Web that general 2. Explore Primary Sources a. Consider Personal Knowledge and Experience: makes connection i. Use if it clarifies the main idea b. Access Digital Collections i. Online digital collections of the world’s libraries c. Conduct Interviews i. someone who has expertise ii. Steps: 1. Vague questions 2. Leading questions to encourage elaborations 3. Loaded Questions: ex secondary questions iii. Opening: Est. a Spirit of Collaboration, informational needs, est. time iv. Body: Active listening, don’t interrupt, paraphrase, ask for clarification + elaboration v. Recheck + Confirm: all topics covered, positive summary d. Distribute Surveys i. Investigate aud attitudes + source for primary topic of speech 3. Explore Secondary Sources a. Books: examples, stories, statistics, perspective b. Newspaper and Periodicals: published magazine or journal i. eyewitness , analysis of local and world events, human interest features c. Blogs and Social News Sites i. Social News Site: users to submit news stories, articles, videos to share with other users ii. Use credible sources though d. Government Information: highly credible e. Reference Works: i. Encyclopedias: summarize knowledge that is found in org. Form elsewhere, highlight important ideas, people, concepts ii. Almanacs: (fact books): published annually, interesting facts + statistics on subjects iii. Bioresource: info about well known people iv. Books of Quotations: intro or conclusions of speeches v. Poetry Collections: intro + conclude speech vi. Atlases: Collections of maps, txt, chart + tables. 1. Learn about terrain, demographics, explore subjects 4. Conduct Smart Searches a. Access Subject Guides: collection of article databases, references works, websites, other resources b. Use Search Engines Selectively: keyword + phrases i. specialized Search Engine: specific websites c. Create Effective Keywords and Subject Headings (pp 147) i. Keywords: words + phrases that describe the main concepts of topics, more words, quotations marks, etc. ii. Subject Heading: A term selected by info specialist to describe + group related materials in library catalog d. Use Advanced Search: keywords, language, country e. Be a Critical Consumer of Info: domain (edu, org, gov), about link (org info), creator of info (credibility), date (current), website sources Citing Sources in Your Speech 1. Alert Listeners to Key Source Information a. Oral Citations: Credits the source of speech material that is someone else’s ideas (when, where, who) i. Include: author/origin of source, type of source, titile/description b. Include in the end of the speech on the paper 2. Establish the Source’s Trustworthiness a. Source Reliability: level of trust in a source’s credentials + track record for accurate information 3. Avoid a Mechanical Delivery: natural = good/attention a. Vary the Wording: don’t be redundant b. Lead with the Claim: discuss issue + present evident = reveal the sources 4. Overview of Source Types with Sample Oral Citations a. Book/Print Article: first + last name, source, title, date of publication. i. More than three: the first author listed (et. al) b. Reference Work: title, date, author/sponsoring organization, source qualifier c. Magazine, Newspaper Journal (Online-Only): similar to book + “online. . .” d. Org. Website: website, source, section of website, last update e. Blog: name, source qualifier, affiliated web (if listed), update f. TV/Radio Program: name, segment, reporter, source qual., date aired g. Online Video: name of video source, program, segment, qual, date aired h. Testimony: person, wual, context info was said, date info offered 5. Credit Sources in Presentation Aids: use copyright symbol, source info 6. Properly Citing Facts and Statistics: Adds credibility = more persuasive 7. Properly Citing Summarized (overview), Paraphrased (restatement), and Quoted (verbatim) Information: Organizing the Body of the Speech 1. Introduction: a. Arrangement: Process of devising a logical + convincing structure of message b. Outline: order of info into large to more specific i. Helps see pro + con of the speech 2. Beyond the Speech: Organizing as a Life Skill (pp. 172) 3. Parts of a Speech a. Intro: est. claim, relevance to audience b. Body: main points = point across to audience c. Conclusion: purpose + main pts, relevant to aud d. Main pts: key ideas + themes = support thesis e. Use the Purpose and Thesis Statements as Guides i. Central idea, persuade f. Restrict the Number of Main Points (2-7 pts) i. Primacy + Recency Effect g. Restrict Each Main Point to a Single Idea i. Point should introduce one ideal, not two ii. Declarative sentence 4. Use Supporting Points to Substantiate Your Claims a. Supporting Pts: material + evidence collected to explain/justify main pts 5. Pay Close Attention to Coordination + Subordination a. Logical placement of ideas relative to importance to other ideas b. Subordinate = indentation c. Recheck Division of Main and Subpoints: may change main to sub, vise versa 6. Strive for a Unified, Coherent, and Balanced Outline a. Utility: points implied by thesis + purpose, everything is supported b. Coherence: org. Clearly + logically, using coordination + subordinate c. Balance: appropriate emphasis on each part of the speech, i. Conclusion + intro = same time ii. Body = lengthy d. Use Transitions to Give Direction to the Speech (pp. 179) i. Transitions: tie ideas together ii. Use Transitions between Speech Points: single words, phrases, full sentences 1. Rhetorical Question: aud. Think iii. Use Previews and Summaries as Transitions 1. Preview: describes the body of the speech a. Internal: introduces aud to discussion, signal shirt from one idea to the other 2. Internal Summary: brings ideas together before proceeding to speech point Types of Organizational Arrangements 1. Arranging Speech Points Chronologically a. Def: Sequential order of the main pts 2. Arranging Speech Points Using a Spatial Pattern: a. Proximity/direction relative to each other 3. Arranging Speech Points Using a Causal (Cause-Effect) Pattern a. Cause then effect 4. Arranging Speech Points Using a Problem-Solution Method a. First: significance of a problem + justification for a proposed solution b. Persuasive 5. Arranging Speech Points Topically a. Sub topic/ category b. Emphasize three points that are important 6. Arranging Speech Points Using a Narrative Pattern a. Series of stories/ short stories (all characteristics of a story too) 7. Subpoints Need Not Match the Pattern of Main Points Outlining the Speech 1. Plan on Creating Two Outlines a. Working Outline: Firm up main points, research gathered, supporting points b. Speaking Outline: practicing speech, ideas = condensed, brief c. Use Sentences, Phrases, or Keywords i. Sentence Outline: main + supporting points = declarative sentence ii. Phrase Outline: Partial construction of sentence form of each point iii. Key-Word Outline: smallest unit of understanding to outline main + supporting points d. Use a Key-Word Outline for Optimal Eye Contact i. Better flow, control of thoughts + actions ii. Could write quotations e. Create a Working Outline First i. Separate the Introduction + Conclusion from the body 1. Separate from the main points 2. Intro: aud attention, credibility of speaker (ethos), preview pts 3. Conclusion: summarize pts, thesis + purpose ii. Indicate Your Sources 1. Info that requires source credit iii. Create a Title: informs aud of subject + invites them to listen iv. Sampe Working Outline: pp 196 2. Prepare a Speaking Outline for Delivery a. Indicate Delivery Cues i. Visibility, capitalize cues, place parenthesis/highlight b. Practice the Speech: more rehearsal = more confidence c. Sample Speaking Outline: pp 203