University:
Northwest College
Course:
VN 120 | Anatomy & Physiology
Academic year:

2023
Views:

104

Pages:

15
Author:

Reina H

Ch. 1 Cell Membrane: (plasma membrane) A lipid & proton barrier separates cells from their external environment integumentary system: skin, forms a protective barrier from external environment musculoskeletal system: support & body movement respiratory (pulmonary): exchanges gasses digestive (gastrointestinal) system: Nutrients and water absorbs, eliminates wastes Urinary (renal) system: removes excess water & waste material reproductive system: produces egg & sperm Circulatory (cardiovascular) system: distributes materials by pumping blood thru vessels Nervous System -> coordinate body functions endocrine system -> Immune (lymphatic system): protect internal environment from foreign substance teleological approach: WHY mechanistic approach: How extracellular fluid (ECF): watery fluid that surrounds the outside of the cell intracellular fluid (ICF): watery fluid inside the cells Law of mass balance: amount in the body is to remain constant, any gain must be offset by any equal loss plasma: part of the extracellular fluid compartment local control: simplest form, restricted to the tissue or cell involved reflex control: cells at a distant site control the response response loop: input signal -> integrating center -> output signal Functional groups: combination of elements atoms move from molecule to molecule in a single unit Covalent bonds: arrangement of electrons in outer energy level (shell) of an atom determines an elements ability to bind with other elements. form when adjacent atoms share one or more pairs of electrons ion: Atom that gains/loses electrons acquires an electrical charge free radicals: unstable molecules with an one unpaired electron Atom protons (+): determine the element (atomic #) neutrons: neutral, determine isotope electrons (-): form covalent bonds, create ions, capture/store energy, create free radicals Polar molecule: atoms share electrons unevenly Non polar molecule: atoms share electrons evenly ionic bond: strong bonds formed when oppositely charged ions attract each other ion: Atom that gains or loses electrons Anion - negatively charged ion Cations - positively charged ion Van der Waals forces: weak bonds that form when atoms are attracted to each other Solubility: the ease with which molecule dissolves in solvent hydrophilic: dissolves easily in water hydrophobic: do NOT dissolve well in water usually nonpolar pH: measure of solution of hydrogen ion concentration, the more acidic the solution is, the lower pH buffers: solutions that moderate pH change Protein interactions Enzymes: biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, play a important role in metabolism Membrane transporters: proteins in cell membrane help move substances back & forth between intracellular & extracellular compartments signal molecules: some proteins & smaller peptides act as hormones Receptors: proteins that bind signal molecules & initiate cellular responses Binding proteins: proteins found in ECF, bind & transport molecules through body immunoglobulins: extracellular immune proteins (antibodies) Regulatory protiens: turn cell processes on & off or up or down