4 Major Groups of Biomolecules

4 major groups of BIOMOLECULES carbohydrates lipids (3) proteins + nucleotides, function of Biomolecules. Used for energy and as building block s of Includes bNA, RNA, ATP, and cylco acid Amp. Cellular components most grove of biomolecules consist Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen. conjugated proteins: protein molecules combined -- another kind of biomolecule Ey proteins lipids: lipoproteins Protein carbohydrates: glycoproteins Tipid's I carbohydrates: glycolipids. polymers large molecules made of repeating units. LIPIDS -Blomolecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen -lipids are non polar lequally charged) -soluble in water -backbone of glycerd and 1-3 fatty acids LIPIDS divide into 2 categones FALS OILS Fat's solld @ room temperature oils: Quld & room temperature. lipids are a chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms Connected by single bonds or double bonds > Saturated fatty auds! No double bonds between carbons, they are saturated 44 W/hydrogens. The more. Saturated, more solid Saturated fattys are soulb & nom femp H₃-COCOCOCA-CO + >monansaturated fatty aads Have ONE double bond between the carbons. Single bonds For each double bond the molecule has 2 fevrer hudrogen atoms attached to the Carbon chain C-C=-u30c H H Usually liquid & room emp kinked or bent formation!! double band's saturated hydragen Formation of Lupids glycerol backbone glycerol + 1 fatty acid = monoglycende glycerol + 2 fatty acid = diglycende glycerol +3 fatty auds toglycende (most common! more than 90% of lipids are (triglycendes can be found in oil, caunutoil, avocado, meats, Seeds, fastoods) Inglycendes!! Lipid-related molecules el cosanoids (prastaglandins)-20-carbontatly auds ta complete/partial carbon nag Steroids (cholesterol is the primary source of Steroid in human body 4 linked carbon rings Phospholipid's 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. carbohydrates most abundant biomolecule made up of carbon and water. general formula (CLO)n or Crtizan On← for each carbon there are 2 hydrogens and I oxygen Carbohydrates-continued Carbohydrates dinde into 3 categones monosacchandas 2 dissacharides ③ polysaccharides monosaccharides simple sugars (fructose) most common are building blocks of complex carbonydiates and have eithe 5 Carbons (like ribose) or six carbons (likeglucose) GH005-Ribose C5H10 04-Deoxyribose forms sugar phosphate forms sugar phosphate backbone of RNA backbone of DNA Single sugar molecule *Hare 5 carbons Simple Sugars Fructose Glucose Hasle carbons* Galactose bi sacchandes consist of glucose plus another monosacchande. Suunse Glucose + tructose Maltose = Glucose +Glucose Double linked sugar molemles Lactose Glucose + Galactose Ccomplex Conhydrat Polysacchindes are glucose polymers largechains of carbohydrates all living cells store glucose forenerong in the form of a polysacchande ex: whole grain pasta, nice, potors, maize. 10 or more sugar molecules linked together. Ongo peph polypeptide-10-100 amino acids proteins 100 gm moacids. PROTEINS Protems are polymers of smaller bullding blocks molecules: amino auds all amino acids have a carboxyl grup (Cool) + an amino group (-NH2), and a hydrogen attaced to the same carbon 0 Nitrogen in the amino group makes proteins our major H₂-C-COOH dietary source of nitrogen. *← "R" group differs In their size, shape and abjitry to form hydrogen bonds or sons... Different & groops make amino acids react differently lotter molecules. Ik group is the only difference't peptide bontiamino group of ore amino acad's roms I the carboxyl group of arother Polypeptides-chain of amino aads essential amino auds auds that can be synthesized from scratch by the organism, fast enough to supply HS demand, and must therefore come from diet Primary structure linear seavence of amino acids present in a protein. amino auds are attached to each other by a peptide bond. theorder of amino acids" Secondary structure created primarily by hrydrogen bonds between adjacent chains loops. on Helix-most common secondary Structure & Stolbilized by hydrogen bonding B Sheet can be parallel or anti-parallel fashion Hydrogen loond's connects these. Tertiary structuru anangement of protein in a 3D. has other bonds "R groups interacting in this. Stage Quatemary Structure multiplesubunits (umbire to covalent bonds. Nucleotides id nucleic acids Biomolecules that play an important role in energy transfer and Intomation transter Single nucleotides contain Atp and cyclic Amp- Nucleic acids-Font Store and transmitgenetic information. ANA/DNA (2) Nucleotides consis of (1) phosphate group, a. 5-Carbon Sugar, and nitrogen ring structure called a nitrogenous base. *Base-phosphate-s Ugar ok (larger) Purines - have a double ring structure (A) Adenine (G) Guanine Ribose Sugar. (Smaller) byrimidines-have a singlening. Deoxynbo se (3) 9 Carbon hitrogenous base (C) cytosine (T) Thy mino Phosphate (4) uracul Simge nucleotide molecules have 2 critical functions Dcapture and transfer enereory in high energy electrons (ATP, ADP, NAD, FAD) 12 aid incell to cell communication. (CAMP) nucleic acids function in information Storage and transmission. Base Pairing (nucleotide polymas Sugar of one nucleutide bonds with the phosphate of the nex "G" only pairs forming chain, The Sugar-phosphate chains or (BACKBONE) with "C" Sare the same for every mucdeic and molecule Nucleotide chains form Strands of DNA and RNA- "A" only RNA SINGIT Strand nucleic aud (ribose as the sugar in the backbone pairs with "Land tour bases (A) (1) (C)(U) RNA only contains uracil. T DINA-double helix 30 structure that forms when 2 DIMA Strands Tink through hydrogen bonds between complimentary bages- Deoxynbose is the buckbow (A) (G) (C)(T) Elements: simplest type of matter- Drer 100 elements, bar only 3 3 major gemeet body! oxygen 2 make +90% of bodys Miass ③ hydrogen > protons (1) positive Protons+) determine the element (atomic#) > neutrons (0)-neutral →meutrons to determine the isotope 7 electrons (-negative electrons form covalent bonds, create lons when lost/gaineal, protons neutrons automic mass Capture store energy, create free radicals. atomic # is always the bottom# on the table of elements. lons have an electical charge - lons hare elther lost gained electrons If they re positive-lost electrons If theyre negative-gained electrons Isotopes-Involve neutrons Isotopes-version of an element that have different #of neutrons Isotopes can gain or loose electrons to become lons cations (positively charged) anions (negatively charged) (4 Important roles of elections @formiovalent bond Scovalent bonds bind atoms together to forme morcules ③lons-If an atom gains/100 ses one or more election, it acquires an electn (a) charge and becomes an ion. ion's are the basis for electu cal signaling High enerny elketrons capture energy from environment and transfer it to other atoms 4 Free radicals-unstable molecules with an upaired election. Contribute to aging and development of diseases PHmeasures lon concentration/anion--gained electrons. hyangen when atoms share electrons = covalent bonds. Covalent lonic bond are STRONG Hydrogen & Vander Waals forces - WEAKER. Lor more atoms = molew les Bonds Covalent Bonds STRONG nonpolar bands molecules: have an cren distribution of electrons (neither or polar-hare regions of partial charge. (EX:water) Noncovalent Bonds! lonic Bonds electrostatic attractions between lons. EX: sodium chlonde- Hydrogen Bonds: form between a hydrogen atom and a nearby oxygen, hitrogen or fluorine. weak Van Der Waals -weak, nonspecific attractions between atoms. solubility ability of solute to dissolve in a solvent Hydrophilic -Soluble in water Hydrophobic-sauble in water sphobia of water Solute-any substance that dissoires in a lionid Solvent-the liquid in which a solute dissolves (water is universal solvent) Solution-combination of solutes dissolved in a solvent. Concentration amount of solute per unit volume of solution AUDs are molecules that release Hr when dissolves in water. Speutity protems afhuity & the degre to which a protein is attracted to its lipnd