Pathophysiology Quiz

Chapters 1-2 Quiz Instructions You will have two attempts to take your quiz, and your highest score will be placed in the gradebook. The timer is set at 30 minutes per attempt. Reminder: Per the late policy, you will not get credit for any quizzes or exams submitted after the due date (Sunday, 11:55 pm). True learning takes place when students do their own work honestly. Academic Integrity requires that students do not allow another person to copy answers on a quiz or test or to communicate with another person during a quiz or a test; nor provide answers for a quiz or test to others after having taken said quiz or test; nor obtaining test question from outside sources. Cheating undermines obtaining knowledge that is essential for safe patient care and violates ethics. Take the Quiz Again Attempt History LATEST Attempt Time Attempt 1 13 minutes Score 15 out of 15 Correct answers are hidden. Score for this attempt: 15 out of 15 Question 1 A biopsy of the lung bronchi revealed ciliated epithelial cells that are capable of secretion and absorption. These cells are called _____ columnar epithelium. ciliated simple Ciliated simple columnar epithelium is found in the lungs. Simple columnar epithelium is found from the stomach to the anus. Stratified columnar epithelium is found in the lining of the epiglottis, part of the pharynx, the anus, and the male urethra. Pseudostratified ciliate columnar epithelium is found in the lining of the large ducts of some glands (parotid, salivary), male urethra, respiratory passages, and Eustachian tubes of the ears. Question 2 A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by: plasma proteins. Oncotic pressure is determined by the effect of colloids or plasma proteins. The concentration of sodium plays a role in tonicity. Hydrostatic pressure is the force within a vessel. Membrane transporter proteins are involved in active transport within a concentration gradient. Question 3 Which form of cell communication is used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact? Cell junction Cell junctions hold cells together and permit molecules to pass from cell to cell. Gap junctions allow for cellular communication between cells. Neither desmosomes nor tight junctions are associated with cellular communication. Question 4 Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions occur. What is this cell cycle phase called? M The M phase includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions. The G1 phase includes the period between the M phase and the start of DNA synthesis. The S phase includes synthesis of DNA in the cell nucleus. The G phase includes RNA and protein synthesis. 2 Question 5 Which description accurately describes electrolytes? Electrically charged molecules Electrolytes are electrically charged molecules. They are not lipid soluble, they are not made up of protein, and they do not play a role in ATP production. Question 6 How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) The transporter protein ATPase is directly related to sodium and potassium transport via active transport. Electrolyte movements require energy and do not move passively, nor are they transported by diffusion. Enzymes, not electrolytes, are passed via coupled channels. Question 7 A nurse recalls that the basic types of tissues are: (select all that apply) connective. muscle. nerve. epithelial. The basic tissue types include nerve, epithelial, connective, and muscle. Mucosal is a type of epithelial cell, while skeletal is a type of connective tissue. Question 8 When discussing DNA replication, which enzyme is most important? DNA polymerase DNA polymerase, not RNA polymerase, is the primary enzyme involved in replication. It adds bases to the new DNA strand and performs “proofreading” functions. Neither messenger RNA nor transfer RNA is as important to DNA replication. Question 9 A child is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. History reveals that the child’s parents are siblings. Cystic fibrosis was most likely the result of: consanguinity. Consanguinity refers to the mating of two related individuals, and the offspring of such matings are said to be inbred. Consanguineous matings produce a significant increase in recessive disorders and are seen most often in pedigrees for rare recessive disorders. X-inactivation occurs when one X chromosome in the somatic cells of females is permanently inactivated. Genomic imprinting is related to methylation and other changes. Obligate carriers are those who have an affected parent and affected children and, therefore, must themselves carry the mutation. Question 10 Which of the following mutations have the most significant effect on protein synthesis? Frameshift mutations The frameshift mutation involves the insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs of the DNA molecule. This greatly alters the amino acid sequence, which affects protein synthesis. The base pair substitution is a type of mutation in which one base pair replaces another. Silent mutations do not change amino acids or protein synthesis. Intron mutations are part of RNA sequencing. Question 11 A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal which of the following? XXY A person with Klinefelter syndrome has an XXY karyotype. An XY is a normal male. An XX is a normal female. An XYY is an aneuploid karyotype. Question 12 A cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called a _____ cell. polyploid A polyploid cell is one in which a euploid cell has more than 23 pairs of chromosomes. A diploid cell is when the somatic cell nucleus has 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. A euploid cell is a cell with multiples of the normal number of chromosomes. A haploid cell has only one member of each chromosome pair, for a total of 23 chromosomes. Question 13 A 15-year-old female is diagnosed with Prader-Willi syndrome. This condition is an example of: genomic imprinting. Prader-Willi, an example of gene imprinting, is not associated with any autosomal sex-linked abnormality. Question 14 To express a polygenic trait: several genes must act together. Polygenic traits are those that result from several genes acting together. When environmental factors influence the expression of the trait, the term multifactorial inheritance is used. When multiple mutations occur in the same family, the mechanism most likely responsible is termed germline mosaicism. Penetrance of a trait is the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype who also exhibit the expected phenotype. Question 15 Cystic fibrosis is caused by what gene abnormality? Autosomal recessive Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. It is not a result of X links or dominant pathology.