University:
Sam Houston State University
Course:
BIOL 1406 | General Biology I
Academic year:

2020
Views:

421

Pages:

13
Author:

Clint W.

Principles of Agricultural Science – Animal Terminology • Crude Fiber (CF) – The part of feeds containing the cellulose, lignin, and other structural carbohydrates as determined by the proximate analysis. • Crude Protein (CP) – A measure or estimate of the total protein in a feed determined by multiplying the total nitrogen content by 6.25. Terminology • Dry Matter (DM) – The total amount of matter, as in a feed, less the moisture it contains. • Metabolizable Energy (ME) – The total amount of energy in feed less the losses in feces, combustible gases, and urine. Also called available energy. Terminology • Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) – A standard evaluation of the usefulness of a particular feed for livestock, which includes all the digestible organic nutrients; protein, fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and fat. Feed Analysis • The chemical or material analysis of a feedstuff that is determined at a laboratory. Feed Labels • Have less information than an analysis report. • May use estimates rather than exact percentages of nutrients. Guarantees • Guarantees allow for some flexibility in mixing a feed. • Usually expressed as a percentage (%). • Minimum – the least amount of a nutrient included in the feed (i.e., protein & fat). • Maximum – the greatest amount of a nutrient included in the feed (i.e., fiber). Food vs. Feed Label - Energy Candy Bar Food labels • Calories on a label are expressed in “food” calories. • A food calorie is equal to one kilocalorie. • One food calorie equals 1000 calories. Food vs. Feed Label – Energy Feed labels • Energy expressed in megacalories per kilogram or Mcal/kg. • One megacalorie equals 1,000,000 calories. Dog Food Label Ingredients & Nutrition Information GUARANTEED ANALYSIS Crude Protein (Min) 25.0% Calcium (Ca) (Min) 1.1% Crude Fat (Min) 10.0% Iron (Fe) (Min) 200 mg/kg Crude Fiber (Max) 4.0% Selenium (Se) (Min) 0.2 mg/kg Moisture (Max) 14.0% Vitamin A (Min) 10,000 IU/kg Linoleic Acid (Min) 1.5% Vitamin E (Min) 100 IU/kg CALORIE CONTENT Metabolizable Energy (ME) 3.69 Mcal/kg 16.74 Mcal/lb .36 Mcal/cup Food vs. Feed Label • Feed labels express energy content in megacalories per kilogram. • Food labels express energy content in food calories based on a serving size. • How do these relate? Energy Content of a Candy Bar • First change food calories to calories. Since there are 1000 calories per food calorie, multiply the calories by 1000. – There are 230,000 calories in a candy bar. • Since the candy bar is 43g, the next step is to determine the calories per gram. – Divide the total calories by 43. – The result is 5348.8 calories per gram. Energy Content of a Candy Bar • Feed composition tables are expressed in Mcal/kg. The next step is to determine the calories per kilogram. – To do this, multiply by 1000. – There are 5,348,800 calories per kilogram of candy bar. • Finally, convert calories to megacalories. There are 1,000,000 calories per megacalorie. – Divide 5,348,800 by 1,000,000. – The result is 5.35 Mcal/kg. Energy Comparison in a Candy Bar • Digestible energy for Candy Bar ~ 43g beef cattle in common • 230 food calories/ feeds 43g – Corn ~3.66 Mcal/kg • 230000 calories/ 43g – Alfalfa ~2.56 • 5348.8 cal/ 1g Mcal/kg • 5348800 cal/ 1kg – Oats ~ 3.40 Mcal/kg • 5.35 Mcal/kg