Zoology - What Is Life

BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY PURE ZOOLOGY 1. Morphology 2. Anatomy 3. Cytology 4. Histology 5. Physiology 6. Embryology 7. Pathology 8. Genetics 9. Ecology 10. Paleontology 11. Zoogeography 12. Evolution 13. Taxonomy 14. Biometry 15. Animal Behavior 16. Biochemistry APPLIED ZOOLOGY 1. Fishery 2. Apiculture 3. Sericulture 4. Lac Culture 5. Dairy Farm 6. Poultry Farm 7. Animal Husbandry 8. Entomology 9. Parasitology 10. Pearl Culture. SPECIAL ZOOLOGY 11. Protozoology 12. Microbiology 13. Helminthology 14. Marine Zoology 15. Wildlife Science OTHER BRANCHES 1. Endocrinology 2. Enzymology 3. Osteology 4. Limnology 5. Toxicology 6. Ethology 7. Tectology 8. Trophology 9. Ctelology 10. Exobiology 11. Icthyology 12. Herpetology 13. Ornithology 14. Mammalogy 15. Anthropology 16. Malacology 17. Conchology 18. Ophiology 19. Aerobiology 20. Serology 21. Carcinology 22. Immunology 23. Molecular Biology 24. Radiobiology 25. Cnidology 26. Cryobiology 27. Malariology 28. Parazoology 29. Bryology 30. Acrology 31. Myrmecology 32. Lepidopterilogy. 33. Torpedology 34. Saurology 35. Serpentology 36. Teratology 37. Organology 38. Craniology 39. Neurology 40. Sarcology /Myology 41. Haematology 42. Odontology 43. Karyology 44. Syndesmology 45. Angiology 46. Nephrology 47. Ontogeny 48. Phylogeny 49. Gynaecology 50. Dermatology 51. Chondrology 52. Cardiology 53. Mastology 54. Oto-Laryngology 55. Phrenology 56. Rhinology 57. Splanchnology 58. Genecology 59. Urology 60. Gerontology 61. Tricology 62. Kalology 63. Arthrology 64. Carcinomatology 65. Sphygmology 66. Vet. Science 67. Biometry 68. Biochemistry 69. Psychology. Zoology 70. Biophysics 71. Medical Science 72. Environmental ZOOLOGY – WHAT IS LIFE? Characteristics of Living Organisms Living things: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Maintain order Metabolize food Move React to the environment Reproduce Grow and develop Pass genetic traits to offspring Evolve Adapt Life Characteristics Order Property Each structure or activity lies in a specific relationship to all other structures and activities. Metabolism Organized chemical steps break down and build up molecules, making energy available or building needed parts. Motility Using their own power, organisms move themselves or their body parts. Responsiveness Organisms perceive the environment and react to it. Reproduction Organisms give rise to others of the same type. Development Ordered sequences of progressive changes result in an individual acquiring increased complexity. Heredity Organisms have units of inheritance called genes that are passed from parent to offspring and control physical, chemical, and behavioral traits. Evolution Populations of organisms change Adaptations over time, acquiring new ways to survive, to obtain and use energy, and to reproduce. Specific structures, behaviors, and abilities suit life-forms to their environment. • • • Organ System – A group of body parts that carries out a particular function in an organism. Organ – A structure consisting of tissues that perform a special function. Tissue – A group of similar cells that carry out a particular function You will read about six recurring themes as we Explore Life: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Energy Reproduction Evolution Environment How Biologists Study Life Biology Can Help Solve World Problems Life Characteristics Relating to Energy A. Hierarchy of Order • Life possesses a degree of order or structural and behavioral complexity and regularity far greater than the most complex machine. • An organism is an individual, independent living entity. • They have an order that is readily apparent at several levels. • Cell – The simplest entity that has all the properties of life. • Organelle – A structure within a cell that performs a special function. • Molecule – A cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds. B. Order • Structural and behavioral complexity and regularity. C. Metabolism • Energy taken from environment (food or sunlight) to use for growth, repair, and maintenance of the organism. D. Motility • Self-propelled movement. E. Responsiveness • The ability to respond to changes in the environment involving temperature, food, water, enemies, mates or other elements. Life Characteristics Relating to Reproduction A. Reproduction • A way for an organism to produce other individuals of the same type. o Asexual reproduction – Single parent produces identical offspring. o Sexual reproduction – Two parents produce very similar, but not identical offspring. o B. Development • The growth in size and complexity of a new organism. C. Heredity • Transmission of genes from parents to offspring. • Genes are hereditary factors that control an organism’s form and function. A genus name followed by species name Life Characteristics Relating to Evolution A. Evolution • A change or variation in the genes of a population over time. • Life changes over time. • If one traced life back to its first beginnings on Earth, all organisms would eventually share a common ancestor in the distant past. B. Classification of Living Things • The process of evolution results in a great diversity of life. • Biologists have created a system of classification to help us understand the more than 50 million groups of individuals on earth. C. Species • A group of individuals with similar structures that descended from the same initial group. • A species has the potential to breed with one another. D. Genus • Contains several related and similar species. • A genus contains two names: o Ex. Felis catus – a house cat • • • The classification scheme 1. Domains 2. Kingdoms 3. Phyla (divisions) 4. Classes 5. Orders 6. Families 7. Genera 8. Species There are 3 domains: o Bacteria – contains a variety of prokaryotic species. o Archaea – prokaryotic species that often inhabit harsh environments. o Eukarya – larger, more complex eukaryotic cells containing four kingdoms (Plantae, Animalia, Fungi and Protista). Unity and diversity in life o Unity – All life developed from a common ancestor. o Diversity – Evolution provides the key to diversity. o Life is both unified and diverse. E. Adaptations • Help an organism adapt to its own special way of life. • Specializations help organisms to live in practically every part of the planet. • White foxes are well adapted to living in the arctic and snow-covered terrain. • Brown foxes are well adapted to live in woods and forests. • Some adaptations relate to taking in energy and materials while others improve an organism’s ability to grow, reproduce and move. • Adaptations usually arise by natural selection, which is a “weeding out” process that depends upon hereditary • • differences in their ability to reproduce and to obtain energy. In 1859 Charles Darwin published “On the Origin of Species” and coined the term natural selection. Natural selection – Nature selects the individuals with the most suitable variations to survive so that a new generation can be born. Life Characteristics Relating to Environment A. Ecology • A branch of biology that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment. B. Populations • Organisms who live in the same area and actively interbreed with one another. C. Communities • All the populations who live in a particular area, including plants, animals, and other organisms. D. Ecosystem • The living communities together with its nonliving physical surroundings. E. Biosphere • All of the ecosystems of the Earth. How Biologists Study Life – Steps in the scientific method 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identify a problem Propose a hypothesis Make a prediction Test the prediction Draw a conclusion Biology Can Help Solve World Problem • Biological advances can help society find solutions for: ▪ Over-population ▪ Famine ̶Disease ▪ Ozone Depletion ▪ Loss of Species ▪ Life on other planets