Fundamentals of Speech Study Guide

Fundamentals of Speech Study Guide Choosing A Proper Speech Topic How Do You Select a Topic? To select a topic you need to: ● Identify the general purpose of your speech. ◦ Is the purpose of your speech to inform, persuade, or to entertain? ◦ After you have determined the general purpose of your speech you should create an idea bank. ● Create an idea bank. When creating an idea bank, you should search for topic ideas or list ideas that you have brainstormed, cluster similar topic ideas together, and explore your general purpose. ● Select your topic. To select the topic, research, and ask focus questions. How Do You Narrow Your Topic? To narrow your speech topic you need to: ● Identify and evaluate the central idea. ◦ A statement about what you hope to accomplish in the speech or statement that sums up what your speech is about. ◦ After identifying the specific purpose of your speech, you should determine the central or main idea of your speech. You can create a Venn diagram with sub-ideas for your central idea, and then bring it all together to create your central idea. ◦ After that, you should evaluate your central idea making sure it’s in a complete sentence, that it’s a statement, and has clear, simple, and direct language, and that it covers only one topic. You should also ask yourself if the speech topic and main idea is appropriate for the event and audience? Getting to Know Your Audience and Situation Why Do You Need to Know Your Audience and Situation? The purpose of knowing your audience and situation is to make better speech topic decisions, to help you feel more confident, and to foster the audience’s attention and goodwill. What Do You Need To Know About The Speaking Situation? ● Place and Audience Size ◦ Determine the whereabouts of where you are giving the speech and how many individuals are going to be apart of the audience. Questions to Consider and Ask Yourself for Place and Audience Size ❏ Will you be giving the speech inside or outside? If outside, what are your plans if there is bad weather? ❏ Is there a table or lectern you can utilize if you need one? ❏ How large will the audience be? ❏ Will you be visible to the whole audience? ❏ Will you have the equipment you need? Can you practice with that equipment? What are your backup plans in case a piece of equipment stops working? ❏ Who do you contact for help with any assistance? ● Time ◦ Determine when the speech is and how long it will take. ● Occasion ◦ Determine why the audience is gathering to listen to your speech. Locating Support Material How to Use the Internet When Researching for Your Speech ● Utilize Search Engines ◦ You can utilize general search engines such as Google, Bing, Yahoo, and AOL or for more education search purposes, you can use Google Scholar. ● Evaluate Internet Sources ◦ You should check your sources for: ◦ Accuracy by checking for citations and investigating the author’s background ◦ Responsibility by looking at the page header and the site address. ◦ Impartiality by looking at the mission statement or considering the target audience. ◦ Currency by finding a copyright date of the source. ● Commercial Web Sites ◦ Commercial websites are created and maintained by for profit businesses or organizations. ◦ When utilizing a commercial website, you can locate information about a company, gather supporting material from sites of respected news organizations, find current or pop-culture materials, and find presentation aids. ◦ The advantages of utilizing a commercial website are that the source is, more than likely, going to be current, but you would have to check the publish date of the source and it may be seen as reliable by your audience. ◦ The disadvantages of utilizing a commercial website are that the source is often biased; you may need to verify the information and the source may not credit all sources of information. ● Nonprofit Organization Websites ◦ These sites are for local, national, and international not for profit groups dedicated to particular issues or causes. ◦ When utilizing a nonprofit organization website, you can locate detailed information about a particular issue or organization and utilize it as emotional appeal examples. ◦ The advantages of utilizing a nonprofit organization website are that they can provide background or information on an issue and they are often considered reliable sources. ◦ The disadvantages of utilizing a nonprofit organization website are that they may be biased and the credentials of the author are often difficult to locate. ● Blogs ◦ When utilizing a blog, you can locate examples of public opinion, learn about new developments about your topic, and gauge if a topic is controversial or of interest. ◦ The advantages of utilizing a blog are that it can be current, can be helpful if looking for public opinion, and can offer unique material. ◦ The disadvantages of utilizing a blog are that they are often biased, may not credit all sources, and may not be an acceptable source. ◦ You can utilize blog search engines such as Google Blog Search, Blogarama, and Bloglines to find blogs. ● Personal Websites ◦ Personal sites are often focused on topics of personal interest. ◦ When utilizing a personal website, you can find material that humanizes your topic. There are more disadvantages than advantages to utilizing a personal website. ◦ The disadvantages of utilizing a blog are that they can be written by anyone, are often biased, the source may not credit all sources, and are often unacceptable as a credible source. Outlining Your Speech What Are The Parts of an Outline? ● Introduction The introduction is the opening to grab the audience's attention and focus on the topic. ● Body ◦ The body contains the central portion of the speech. ◦ The main points are the essential ideas you want to cover in the speech and they should directly relate to your central idea. Most speeches have between two to five main points. ◦ Subpoints offer information to support and relate back to the main point. ◦ The link makes a connection between two places in your speech. ● Conclusion ◦ The conclusion ends your speech and should reinforce your main ideas as well as be a "wow-factor” for your audience. ● Source Page ◦ You need to create a page of sources that were utilized in your speech and you should either utilize APA or MLA format. The format often depends on your preferred style or your instructors. How Can You Create an Effective Outline? ● Record ◦ Record the topic, specific purpose, and central idea at the top of the outline. This will help you in creating the rest of the outline. ● Utilize Full Sentences ◦ Utilizing full sentences helps you think in complete thoughts and will help you learn the speech, as well as gauge its length. ● Cover One Issue at A Time ◦ When you cover one issue at a time, this keeps the speech simple enough for delivery. ● Developing the Introduction and Conclusion ◦ When developing your introduction and conclusion, you should create it after creating the body of the speech. This helps you to avoid improvising and with the majority of the speech completed, you can make sure the introduction and conclusion connect back to the body of the speech. ● Use Correct Outline Format ◦ Utilize Roman numerals to distinguish the main points from the subpoint. After that, you can utilize a consistent pattern of symbols, such as letters and numbers, after that. Make sure that the points in your outline are aligned correctly. ● Use Balanced Main Points ◦ Each main point should coordinate with the other main points. ● Use Proper Citations ◦ Utilizing citations provide evidence for outside sources or supporting materials utilizing for your speech The Different Types of Outlines ● Working Outline ◦ A working outline is an outline you utilize for developing your speech and it lays out the basic structure of your speech. ● Preparation Outline ◦ Preparation outlines, also known as full-sentence outlines, are longer and more detailed than working outlines. ● Delivery Outline ◦ Delivery outlines are the outline utilized by the speaker during the speech. They often have delivery and presentation cues indicated at key points during the speech on the outline. You should be utilizing this outline when rehearsing your speech. Linking Parts of your Speech Together ● Transitions ◦ A transition is a word or phrase that connects and signals motion from one point to another. ● Time Transitions ◦ A time transition is a word or phrase that displays a passing of time. ◦ Examples: At the beginning…, Meanwhile…, In the end…, ● Viewpoint Transitions ◦ A viewpoint transition exemplifies a change in your view of a situation. ◦ Examples: However…, On the other hand…, Yet... ● Connective Transitions ◦ A connective transition is utilized when you want to connect related thoughts. ◦ Examples: In addition…, As well as…, Also... ● Concluding Transitions ◦ A concluding transition is utilized when you want to indicate the end of a part within the speech or the ending of the entire speech. ◦ Examples: As a result…, To summarize…, In conclusion... ● Signposts ◦ A signpost is a word or phrase that signals to the audience where the speaker is in order of related thoughts. ◦ Examples: My first reason…, Secondly…, Lastly… ● Internal Previews ◦ Internal previews are similar to introductions and resemble detailed signposts, indicating where you are going in the speech. You can indicate this by stating “Let’s look at…”. ● Internal Reviews ◦ Internal reviews, also known as internal summaries, are similar to conclusions and summarize where you've been in the speech. You can indicate this by stating “To review…”. You can often combine internal previews or reviews with a transition. Organizing the Speech Body Organizational Strategies to Use In Your Speech ● Chronological ◦ When something is in chronological order, it’s sequential so you move through steps in a process or develop a timeline, making sure everything is sequencing. ◦ Process Speech → A speech in which the speaker walks the audience through each step of a topic ◦ Timeline Speech → A speech in which each point follows a set passage of time ● Topical ◦ You should utilize this strategy if there is a strong division of subtopics meaning that each main point you are discussing addresses a different sub-topic. ● Spatial ◦ You should utilize this strategy if you are discussing a topic that involves a physical setting, the natural environment, or proximity. ● Causal ◦ You should utilize this strategy if you are discussing cause and effect and you want your audience to understand the cause and effect or consequence of something. This strategy is often utilized in persuasive speeches. ● Comparative ◦ You should utilize this strategy if you want to compare your topic to something the audience already understands if you are an informative speech or with a persuasive speech; show how one thing is better than another. ● Problem-Solution ◦ You should utilize this strategy if you want to show the audience how to solve a problem. This strategy is often utilized in persuasive speeches. ● Monroe’s Motivated Sequence ◦ This is a detailed problem-solution strategy that is often utilized to organize persuasive speeches that inspire people to take action. It is based on what motivates the audience to act. There are five steps to Monroe's Motivated Sequence: ◦ The first step is the attention stage, often introduced in the introduction, which should grab your audience's attention. ◦ The second step is the need stage, often introduced in the first main point, would establish a need they have or a problem they need to solve. ◦ The third step is the satisfaction stage, often introduced in the second main point, which would be when you propose the solution and support it as the best option. ◦ The fourth step is the visualization stage, often introduced in the third main point, should illustrate how your solution would satisfy their need. ◦ The fifth step is the action stage, often introduced in the conclusion, calls the audience to action or tells them what they must do to achieve the solution you suggested in their speech. Making A Speech Out of a Strategy ● Select a Strategy ◦ When you are considering and selecting a strategy to utilize for your speech, you should think about which one would work best with your speech’s general purpose, the topic of the speech, and the audience. ● Discovering Your Main Points ◦ Oftentimes, you aren’t ready to choose a strategy until you discover your main points so to do so you would want to: ◦ Create a list of points you want to express in your speech. ◦ Look back at your specific purpose for your speech, making sure that your main points reflect what you want to convey in the speech. ◦ Group similar points together under one common theme ◦ Select two - five important points as your main points for your speech. ● Creating Your Main Points ◦ Utilize complete sentences, helping you to think in complete thoughts when you are giving your speech. ◦ Utilize only one idea in each main point, making sure to avoid the usage of words such as or, and, or but. ◦ Utilize declarative sentence, making sure to just state a fact or argument. ◦ Adhere to coordination, meaning you should make sure that your main points correlate to the specific speech purpose and the other main points. ● Expanding on Your Main Points with Subpoints ◦ Subpoints elaborate on each of the main points, clarifying, emphasizing, or providing detail for the main point they are supporting. ● Common Organizational Problems ◦ The strategy you want to utilize doesn’t fit the topic or audience of the speech. ◦ There are too many main points or you’re spending too much time on one or two main points, meaning you can’t cover the rest of the points. ◦ There might not be enough time for the body of the speech. Utilizing Presentation Aids Types of Presentation Aids ● Actual Items ◦ An actual item can be a person, animal or object. ● Models ◦ A model is a duplicate of an item, such as if you make a model of the solar system. It’s scaled down to a size that is presentable. Models are a great alternative to the real item and can help catch your audience’s attention. It can, however, be difficult to locate and can be expensive. ● Photographs ◦ A photograph is a two-dimensional representation of something. ● Drawings ◦ A drawing could be a sketch or a diagram. ● Charts and Tables ◦ This could be a flowchart, an organizational chart, or a table that summarizes any complex or large information for the audience. ● Graphs ◦ You could utilize a line graph to illustrate numbers, a bar graph to illustrate data or a pictograph to utilize pictures instead of bars to illustrate data, or a pie graph to illustrate a percentage of a given quantity. ● Media ◦ This could be videos or audio. This can help catch your audience's attention and be utilized to increase emotional appeal. ● Multimedia ◦ This could be a presentation like a PowerPoint, Prezi, Google Slides, or any other type of presentation tool. This is a creative and professional option that can help catch your audience's attention. Determining What Presentation Aids to Utilize Establish The Presentation Dog's Purpose ◦ Establish if you are going to utilize the presentation aid to assist you, to support your information, or to facilitate or further advance your speech. Selecting the Best Type of Presentation Aid ◦ To determine the best type of presentation aid for your speech, consider what your topic is, your audience, the situation, and most importantly, what you are comfortable utilizing. Considering the Display Method of your Presentation Aid ◦ When deciding how to display your presentation aids, consider what you are comfortable with utilizing, the size of your audience, the availability of the equipment you want to utilize, the environment you are giving the speech in, the effectiveness and the cost. ● Chalkboards or Whiteboards ◦ You could utilize a chalkboard or whiteboard to display your presentation aid, which allows for spontaneity and can enhance your other presentations aids. However, utilizing this could be considered unprofessional. ● Posters ◦ You could utilize a poster to display your presentation aid when you don't have access to equipment or as a backup plan incase an equipment stops working or doesn't work. You should use this, however, in small group presentations. ● Handouts ◦ You could utilize handouts to display your presentation aid as it helps you distribute information to members of your audience and can help summarize information you have provided. A handout, however, could become distracting as the audience may pay more attention to the handout rather than to the speaker. Utilizing Presentation Software ◦ You could utilize a PowerPoint or any other type of presentation software to create a presentation. Make sure that before you deliver your speech that you rehearse your presentation and that your presentation is saved correctly so you don't run into any trouble when you give your speech. The Persuasive Speech and the Tools of Persuading Persuasive Speaking Process ● The Creative Process for Persuasive Speaking ◦ The first step in the process is starting. ◦ The second step in the process is researching. ◦ The third step in the process is creating. ◦ The fourth step in the process is presenting. ◦ The fifth step in the process is listening and evaluating. Choosing a Focused Persuasive Topic ● Get To Know the Audience and Situation ◦ Determine what you already know about the audience and the situation. ◦ Discover your target audience for your speech. You can do this by interviewing someone who can inform you about the audience and the situation, surveying potential members or members of the audience, or doing a little research yourself. ● Create a Persuasive Idea Bank ◦ Make a list of potential topics, making sure that the topics are either debatable or controversial. ● Select and Narrow Your Persuasive Topic ◦ When considering your topic, make sure to look and see if your topic is persuasive or not. ◦ When considering your target audience, consider if the audience’s reaction to your topic would be neutral, negative, or positive. ● Confirm the Best Type Of Persuasive Speech ◦ Determine if you want to convince your audience, stimulate your audience, or actuate, or fire up, your audience. ● Identify Your Specific Purpose ◦ When identifying the specific purpose for your speech, it should be a single statement connecting your general purpose, your specific audience, and your objective all together. ● Identify Your Central Idea ◦ When identifying your central idea, which is also known as the thesis statement or preview of your speech, it should be one sentence that states the main claim you want to make. ● Create a Working Outline Conducting Research for Your Persuasive Speech ● Tools to Conduct Research ◦ Make sure when you are researching that your source is accurate, current, complete, trustworthy, and suitable for your topics. ◦ As you research, remember to collect citation information for our speech and source page. Constructing a Persuasive Outline ◦ Record the topic of the speech, the specific purpose, and central idea. ◦ Make sure to utilize full sentences, coordinate your main points and sub-points, develop an introduction and conclusion, insert formal links, and utilize proper citations. Organizing The Body Of A Persuasive Speech ● Recognize Your Organizational Strategy ◦ We have discussed organizational strategies earlier and with a persuasive speech, you should utilize either a casual strategy, comparative strategy, problem-solution strategy, or Monroe’s Motivated Sequence. ● Commit to a Strategy ◦ Make sure to select a strategy, write your main points, and stick to the strategy you have selected. ● Construct Main Points ◦ When constructing your main points, it should have three or four possible subtopics and you should think about the most effective strategy you can utilize and how it could influence your main points. Organize Support Materials Into Arguments After you have decided what arguments you want to utilize, you should decide how you want to arrange those arguments. ● Primacy Model ◦ This model suggests that you should place your strongest arguments first in the body of your speech. ● Recency model ◦ This model is the opposite of primacy, with this mode suggesting that you should begin with the weakest argument and end with the strongest argument. Constructing the Introduction and Conclusion ◦ When constructing the introduction, make sure that it catches your audience attention and that it’s relevant to the audience. ◦ When constructing your conclusion, make sure it has a summary of what you discussed in the speech, a audience response statement stating what you want your audience to remember, to feel, or to do when you are finished giving your speech, and a wow statement, tying your whole speech together. Preparing to Present Your Speech ● Language ◦ Make sure the language you are utilizing is accurate, apportiate, meaning that the language you are using is suitable for you, your audience and the situation you are giving the speech in, conversational, and distinctive, meaning you are utilizing expressive language and unique speech devices. ● Delivery ◦ In persuasive speeches, your verbal and non-verbal delivery must be powerful, direct, and confident. ● Presentation Aids ◦ Make sure that any presentation aids that you are utilizing can help your audience understand any facts, figures, or information you provide in your speech. Evaluating Your Persuasive Speech ● Listen Effectively ◦ When giving a persuasive speech, ou want your audience to be critically and actively listening. You as the speaker need to make sure and help your audience listen effectively so you can get your point across. ● Evaluate the Message ◦ Evaluate the message you are trying to get across in your speech for clarity, accuracy and organization. Make sure that you don’t lose sight of the central idea of your speech, the proposition or stand you took on the topic, the target audience, and your goal for the speech. ● Evaluate for Fallacies ◦ A fallacy is a faulty argument or error in logic. Make sure that any arguments you are proving in your speech don't have fallacies. There are twelve types of fallacies: non sequitur, hasty generalization, faulty use of authority, post hoc ergo propter hoc, ad hominem, appeal to tradition, false analogy, either-or fallacy, straw person, ad populum, faulty emotional appeals, and slippery slope. ◦ Non sequitur, which is Latin for "does not follow", is a fallacy that occurs when speaker's conclusion doesn't connect to the premise of their argument. ◦ Hasty generalization is a fallacy in which you are drawing a general conclusion without support or with insufficient material to support your argument. ◦ Faulty use of authority is a fallacy that occurs when faulty information or a faulty testimony is utilized. It could also occur if the source that is being utilized has insufficient expertise or knowledge in your topic's field or biases. ◦ Post hoc ergo propter hoc, which is Latin for "after this, therefore because of this," is a fallacy that occurs when the speaker is making an assumption that when one event comes after another, the initial event caused the second event. ◦ Ad hominem, which is Latin for "to or against the person," is a fallacy that occurs when you are attacking an individual instead of the issue you are discussing. ◦ Appeal to tradition is a fallacy that occurs when it is assumed that because something is older or based on tradition beliefs, that it is correct or the most reliable. ◦ A false analogy is a fallacy that occurs when two things that are being compared aren't related at all. ◦ An either-or fallacy occurs when only two alternatives to an argument are being compared, when there are more alternatives available. This fallacy is often seen when arguing for a change or policy to offering a solution. ◦ A straw-person is a fallacy that occurs when a speaker misconstrues or exaggerates a person's actual position on an argument. ◦Ad populum, which is Latin for "to the people," is a fallacy that occurs when a speaker is arguing that a claim must be accurate because others have stated that the claim is accurate. ◦ A faulty emotional appeal is a fallacy that occurs when a speaker utilizing emotional appeals, also known as ethos, in an unethical manner that manipulates an audience's emotions into getting them to accept an argument or claim. ◦ A slippery slope is a fallacy that occurs when a speaker is arguing that a relatively small event, such as quitting your job, sets off a chain reaction, such as becoming homeless. The Informative Speech Informative Speech Process Informative Speaking ◦ There are often four purposes of an informative speech: to describe, to instruct, to explain and to report. Choosing a Focused Informative Topic ● Get To Know the Audience and Situation ◦ Determine what you already know about the audience and the situation. ◦ Knowing your audience and the situation will help you decide your topic choice and the type of informative speech you should utilize, the information your audience needs or would want to know, making the speech relevant to the audience, and selecting your support material, such as presentation aids. ● Create a Informative Idea Bank ◦ Make a list of potential topics. ● Select and Narrow Your Informative Topic ◦ When considering your topic, make sure to look and see if your topic is informative or not. If not, remove the non-informative topics, along with the topics that don't interest you and aren't appropriate to your audience and situation. ◦ Consider selecting topics that are unique or add to your audience's knowledge. Confirm the Best Type Of Informative Speech ◦ Determine if you want to describe information to your audience, instruct your audience, explain information to your audience, or report something to your audience. ● Identify Your Specific Purpose ◦ When identifying the specific purpose for your speech, it should be a single statement connecting your general purpose, your specific audience, and your objective all together. ● Identify Your Central Idea ◦ When identifying your central idea, which is also known as the thesis statement, it should be one, concise sentence that states the main claim you want to make. ● Create a Working Outline ● Conduct Research for Your Informative Speech ◦ As you research, remember to collect citation information for our speech and source page. Organizing The Body Of A Informative Speech ● Recognize Your Organizational Strategy ◦ We have discussed organizational strategies earlier and with a informative speech, you should utilize either a chronological strategy, a spatial strategy, a topical strategy, a comparative strategy, a problem-solution strategy, or a causal strategy. ● Commit to A Strategy ◦ Make sure to select one strategy, even though your topic might fight into more than one strategy, write your main points, and stick to the strategy you have selected. ● Construct Main Points ◦ When constructing your main points, make sure to utilize complete, declarative sentences and that all your main points and sub-points are balanced. ● Constructing the Introduction and Conclusion ◦ When constructing the introduction, make sure to tell your audience why they need to learn more about your topic. You are basically pitching to your audience the importance of your speech and the fimration you are about to give. ◦ When constructing your conclusion, make sure it has a summary of what you discussed in the speech, leaves your audience hungry for more information and impose them to research more about your topic. Preparing to Present Your Speech ● Language ◦ Make sure the language you are utilizing is simple and clear, avoids utilizing jargon, utilizes we and you to illustrate unity and a connection between you and the audience member, and that you are utilizing expressive language and language devices. ● Delivery ◦ Make sure to practice your speech with your presentation outline, putting it on index cards if need be. ● Presentation Aids ◦ Make sure that any presentation aids that you are utilizing captures your audience's attention and summarize any information you provide in your speech. Evaluating Your Persuasive Speech ● Listen Effectively ◦ When giving your speech, you want to be able to willingly adapt or adjust according to audience feedback. ● Evaluate the Speech Message ◦ Evaluate the message you are trying to get across in your speech, making sure the topic you selected is interesting and considering the message's relation to the audience's needs and the audience's knowledge. Speeches for Special Events Special Occasion Process The Creative Process for Special Occasion Speaking ◦ The first step in the process is starting. ◦ The second step in the process is researching. ◦ The third step in the process is creating. ◦ The fourth step in the process is presenting. ◦ The fifth step in the process is listening and evaluating. Special Occasion Speeches ◦ There are four purposes of a special occasion speech: to celebrate, to commemorate, to inspire, or to entertain. ● Speeches to Celebrate ◦ When giving a speech to celebrate, you are giving that speech to honor an individual, group, place, event, or institution. These types of speeches are appropriate for birthdays, weddings, retirements, anniversaries, and other types of celebratory events. ● Speeches to Commemorate ◦ When giving a speech to commemorate someone, you are giving that speech to pay tribute to and/or remembering an individual, group, place, event, or institution. ● Speeches to Inspire ◦ When giving a speech to inspire someone, you are giving that speech to motivate or encourage your audience. These types of events where this type of speech is given often include a commencement, a theme, and inaugural speeches. ● Speeches to Entertain ◦ When giving a speech to entertain someone, you are giving that speech to amuse, engage, or delight your audience. These types of events where this type of speech is given often include at banquets, award dinners, and roasts. They are often optimistic, light and cheerful. Identify the Specific Purpose and Type of Speech ◦ When identifying the specific purpose for your speech, you should consider the purpose of the event, what you are expected to say at that event, and determine if your speech is to celebrate, commemorate, inspire, or entertain. ● Get To Know the Audience and Situation ◦ Determine if someone will be introducing you, who will be in the audience, if there are going to be other speakers, how long your speech should be, and where you will be speaking, ● Identify Your Central Idea ◦ When identifying your central idea, consider the occasion or event's theme you are giving your speech at. ● Create a Working Outline ● Conducting Research for Your Special Occasions Speech ◦ Make sure when you are researching that you consider researching the special occasion you are giving your speech at. Recognize Your Organizational Strategy ◦ We have discussed organizational strategies earlier and with a special occasions speech, you should utilize either a chronological strategy, topical strategy, spatial strategy, or comparative strategy. Preparing to Present Your Speech ◦ When preparing to give your speech, practice it in an extemporaneous, or informal style and make sure to rehearse it several times. Evaluate the Special Occasion ◦ Evaluate the message you are trying to get across in your speech for it's covering of all the necessary parts of your speech, it's organization, and sensitiveness to the audience, topic and occasion. Types of Special Occasion Speeches ● Toast or Roast ◦ A toast is often to express honor or goodwill to an individual, group, event, or institution that is signified by raising a glass and taking a drink. A roast is a tribute to an individual and it's often humorous. These two types mix humor with heartfelt meaning and are meant to be brief and complimentary. ● Speech of Introduction ◦ A speech of introduction is a speech that introduces the audience to an event's next or main speaker. It should be brief, provide background on the speaker, give a preview of the speaker's speech, and establish the tone for the event. It should also make sure to ask the audience to welcome the individual who is speaking. ● Speech of Award Presentation ◦ A speech of award presentation is a speech that is given to announce the recipient of an award or honor. In the speech, you should be brief, explain the award and the reason as to why you are giving out the award, recognize all the nominees of the award, highlight the achievement of the recipient of the award. ● Speech of Award Acceptance ◦ A speech of award acceptance is a speech that is given when you are accepting an award. You should make sure that you are prepared, respectful, and appropriate, that you thank those who have contributed to your success and for those who are responsible for the award. ● Eulogy or Tribute ◦ A eulogy is a speech given upon an individual's death and a tribute is similar to a commemoration speech, commemorating and honoring the lives or accomplishments of individuals, events, institutions, or groups. It should be under ten minutes and be celebratory or comforting.