Psychology Lifespan Final Exam Review Part 1

Ingrid has a dog at home, so she knows about dogs. As she walks down the street, she sees an animal coming toward her. The animal has four legs, fur, and a tail. Ingrid knows that these are characteristics of dogs, but this animal is meowing, not barking. Sally's mom tells her that it's a cat. Now when Sally sees an animal with four legs, a tail, and fur, she will conclude it is a dog if it barks and a cat if it meows, illustrating Piaget's concept of _____. A. Equilibrium B. operations C. assimilation D. accommodation The interaction of a heterozygous pair of alleles in such a way that the phenotype reflects one allele more than the other is referred to as a(n) _____. A. dominant–recessive pattern B. polygenic pattern C. multifactorial pattern D. additive pattern Laurel has a recessive gene in her genotype that is not expressed in her phenotype. She is a(n) _____ of that gene. A. reactor B. expressor C. carrier D. recipient A system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, expectations, and symbolic representations is the definition of _____. A. a cohort B. nature C. nurture D. culture The concept of multi-directional development suggests that when change is gradual, as when water carves stone to form a canyon, it is an example of _____. A. discontinuity B. nurture C. genetics D. continuity Dr. Kong conducts a study in which he finds that smoking is correlated to an increased risk of high blood pressure. He publishes his results. Dr. Meco conducts the same study using different participants in another city. Dr. Meco's work is an example of _____. A. scientific controversy B. Ethics C. observation D. replication With respect to the concept of multi-directional development, when change is rapid and dramatic, such as when a larva becomes a mosquito, it is an example of _____. A. discontinuity B. continuity C. genetics D. nurture The mother’s ovum determines whether the developing baby will become a boy or a girl. A. False B. True What is the only research method that can establish a cause-and-effect relationship? A. an experiment B. a survey C. a case study D. scientific observation In 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, both members of the pair are closely matched. Each of these 44 chromosomes is called a(n) _____. A. gamete B. allele C. autosome D. blastocyst The Apgar scale is used at one minute and five minutes after birth to _____. A. help the mother recover from childbirth B. evaluate the health of the newborn C. evaluate the health of the new mother D. evaluate the newborn's sensory abilities Any consequence that follows a behavior and makes the person likely to repeat that behavior is called a(n) _____. A. punishment B. observation C. condition D. reinforcement _____ emphasizes unconscious drives and early experiences, whereas _____ emphasizes learning by understanding how a person thinks. A. Behaviorism; psychoanalytic theory B. Psychoanalytic theory; cognitive theory C. Cognitive theory; psychoanalytic theory D. Psychoanalytic theory; behaviorism A baby born three or more weeks early is called _____. A. premature B. preterm C. low birthweight D. small for gestational age A small section of a chromosome that is the basic unit for the transmission of heredity is a _____. A. chromosome B. gene C. genotype D. zygote Epigenetics means that a trait _____. A. is determined by genes more than the environment B. is determined by genes and the environment C. is determined by genes alone D. is determine by the environment alone After twins are conceived, their chance of survival until birth depends on the prenatal circumstances. An early sonogram might reveal two developing organisms, but later only one embryo continues to grow. This is referred to as the _____ twin phenomenon. A. missing B. terminated C. vanishing D. disappearing An individual with an extra chromosome on the 21st pair of chromosomes has _____. A. Down syndrome B. Tourette syndrome C. fragile X syndrome D. nearsightedness At the onset of the embryonic period, the _____ appear(s). It will eventually become the neural tube. A. spinal cord B. stem cells C. primitive streak D. placenta Teratogens increase the risk of harm but do not always cause damage. A. True B. False A high school science teacher asks her students to name the cells that can be used to produce any other cell in the body. If the students respond with _____ cells, they will be correct. A. allele B. foundation C. stem D. polymorphic Studies indicate that _____ may reduce maternal depression. A. epidurals B. having a home birth C. breast-feeding D. couvade A fatal central nervous system disorder caused by a copy number variation—more than 35 repetitions of a particular set of three base pairs—is _____. A. Huntington disease B. nearsightedness C. Down syndrome D. fragile X syndrome Eyeballs change shape at typical stages of development, including puberty and middle adulthood. This makes it more likely that _____ will increase at puberty and _____ will decrease during middle adulthood. A. nearsightedness; nearsightedness B. nearsightedness; farsightedness C. farsightedness; nearsightedness D. farsightedness; farsightedness The first days and weeks after conception (the germinal and embryonic periods) are _____ for body formation, but health during the entire fetal period affects the _____. A. critical; brain B. sensitive; heart C. sensitive; brain D. critical; heart When the effects of genes add up to make the phenotype, they are called _____ genes. A. additive B. recessive C. nonadditive D. dominant Culture refers to a system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, and expectations. A. True B. False Between 1957 and 1961, many pregnant women took thalidomide to alleviate morning sickness; this drug disrupted a(n) _____ period of prenatal development. A. critical B. late C. early D. sensitive Each human body cell contains _____. A. 23 chromosomes B. 20 pairs of chromosomes C. 46 chromosomes D. 46 pairs of chromosomes The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____. A. monozygotic B. dizygotic C. homozygous D. heterozygous The science of human development only examines how people change over time. A. False B. True Postpartum depression _____. A. can be reduced by successful breast-feeding B. is a normal development and no cause for concern C. does not typically interfere with the care of a newborn D. has no treatment What is an independent variable? A. It is any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the experiment. B. It is the measured variable that may change depending on manipulation of an independent variable. C. It is an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher. D. It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher. The single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum, is called a _____. A. zygote B. chromosome C. phenotype D. genotype Jenny learned to play the piano as a child and played very well until she was in late adolescence, when she stopped playing. In her 40s, she decided to play the piano again. She quickly realized that she had lost most of her ability to play after decades of not playing, so she took lessons. After several years of lessons she once again plays the piano very well. This example illustrates the multi-directional nature of development. A. True B. False In describing prenatal development to her friends, Michonne wants to identify the three main periods of prenatal development in order from conception to birth. Michonne uses the following order: A. embryonic, germinal, and fetal B. germinal, fetal, and embryonic C. germinal, embryonic, and fetal D. fetal, embryonic, and germinal Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning, are called _____. A. cell differentiation B. behavioral teratogens C. genetic mutations D. chromosomal abnormalities The average length of active labor in a first birth is _____. A. a few minutes B. about 8 hours C. about 12 hours D. several days Akiho loves to share information that she has learned from school with her parents. At dinner one day, she tells her family that she learned about cell differentiation in science class. Specifically, she tells them that once cells differentiate, _____. A. they can no longer transform into different cells B. they can still transform into different cells C. only cells in the brain can still transform into different cells D. they can transform into stem cells Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. According to one approach, parents can toilet train whenever they wish, using reinforcement as part of the training. This view is most consistent with _____. A. behaviorism B. psychoanalytic theory C. cognitive theory D. information-processing theory Empirical evidence is based on _____. A. opinions generated by several groups of people B. theories and speculation C. observation, experience, or experiment D. inferences based on personal biases Within the context of Maslow’s hierarchy, people who feel good about themselves after they have received a good score on an exam are focused on a(n) _____. A. physiological need B. love and belonging need C. esteem need D. safety need A variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics is a(n) _____. A. genotype B. allele C. zygote D. chromosome The Apgar scale measures color, heart rate, cry, muscle tone, and breathing. A. False B. True Research indicates that alcohol use disorder is caused by _____. A. a combination of nature and nurture B. nature only C. poor moral character D. nurture only The age of viability is the time when the preterm newborn _____. A. begins to move B. will be born without defects C. has reached the embryonic period D. might survive outside the uterus part of embryonic development, the neural tube will become the _____. A. central nervous system, including the brain and spine B. backbone, legs, and arms C. intestinal tract D. reproductive organs When a person inherits a recessive gene that is not expressed in the phenotype, that person is a carrier of the gene. A. True B. False Skinner believed that psychology should focus on the study of behavior. The type of conditioning that Skinner identified was _____. A. operant conditioning B. classical conditioning C. observational conditioning D. cognitive conditioning Within Maslow's hierarchy, the correct order of needs from lowest to highest is _____. A. physiological; safety; love and belonging; esteem; self-actualization B. esteem; safety; physiological; love and belonging; self-actualization C. physiological; self-actualization; safety; love and belonging; esteem D. physiological; safety; self-actualization; esteem; love and belonging Which of these is the sequential order of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development? A. sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational B. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational C. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational D. formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, sensorimotor A research question becomes a hypothesis when it is stated as a prediction that can be tested. A. False B. True Dizygotic twins originate from the same zygote; therefore, they have the same genotype. A. False B. True Almost every cell in the human body has 23 single chromosomes. A. False B. True Blaire rushed into the house after school and announced to her parents, “My personality is _____! So many genes make me who I am!” A. multifactorial B. polygenic C. nonadditive D. monozygotic Which developmentalist was the first to describe the interaction between culture and education? A. B. F. Skinner B. Urie Bronfenbrenner C. Lev Vygotsky D. Jean Piaget Plasticity refers to the _____. A. potential for human traits to be molded during development but also to remain durable B. universals and specifics of human development in many cultural settings C. fact that many academic fields contribute data to the science of development D. vast array of contexts in which development occurs The approach to cognitive development that uses details of the cognitive process instead of stages to describe cognition is called _____ theory. A. information-processing B. cognitive cultural C. learning D. accommodation The critical factor in attaining the age of viability is _____. A. having functioning digestive and respiratory systems B. surviving at least 28 weeks past conception C. weighing at least 5 pounds (2.3 kg) D. attaining advances in neurological functioning The name of the full set of genes that provides the instructions for making an individual member of a certain species is the _____. A. allele B. genotype C. phenotype D. genome According to Piaget, interpreting new experiences to fit into old ideas is called _____. A. learning B. assimilation C. equilibrium D. accommodation A researcher's first step when designing a research study on children's language acquisition is to _____. A. pose a research question about language acquisition B. draw conclusions on the way children acquire language C. recruit children and their parents as participants in the study D. develop a hypothesis on the way language is acquired in children Behaviorism has also been referred to as _____. A. B. C. D. learning theory modeling theory operant theory conditioning theory The cognitive deficits caused by the genetic condition of _____ are the most common form of inherited intellectual disability. A. fragile X syndrome B. Huntington disease C. Down syndrome D. nearsightedness In China, a “one-child” policy implemented in about 1979 cut the birth rate in half. Although the intended goal of reducing poverty was achieved, several unintended consequences were identified. All of the following were unintended consequences EXCEPT for _____. A. increased abortions of female fetuses B. males living longer than females C. far more unmarried young men in China than women D. millions of newborn girls being placed up for adoption Each human has about _____ genes. A. 40,000 B. 10,000 C. 30,000 D. 20,000 A correlation does not indicate that one variable causes the other to occur; rather, it indicates that there is a _____ between the two variables. A. reliability B. proof C. validity D. relationship Some teratogens have a threshold effect, which means that they are _____. A. harmless until exposure reaches a certain level B. rarely harmful C. always harmless D. harmful no matter what the level of exposure A father's presence at a child's birth _____. A. increases the likelihood of birth complications B. has no impact on birth complications C. reduces the likelihood of birth complications D. only has an impact on birth complications if the mother and father are married