Psychology Lifespan Final Exam Review Part 2

What is epigenetics? A. a theory that states that nature matters more than nurture B. the study of defective human genes C. the study of how the environment affects which genes are expressed D. a theory that explains how motivation can change one's biology Compared with vaginal births, c-section births _____. A. usually take longer B. increase the risk of complications after birth C. are less safe for the baby D. are less expensive The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code of the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is heterozygous. A. True B. False Differences among people begin with alleles, which can be caused by transpositions, deletions, or repetitions of base pairs, making some genes _____. A. polymorphic B. transmorphic C. multimorphic D. allelemorphic Amy went into labor at home. Joan arrived soon after and began to time her contractions and give gentle massages. She assisted Amy and her partner when it was time to leave for the hospital and accompanied them through the birth process. Joan was Amy's _____. A. doula B. doctor C. postpartum nurse D. couvade The longest period of prenatal development is the _____ period. A. embryonic B. germinal C. fetal D. zygotic _____ emphasizes unconscious drives and early experiences, whereas _____ emphasizes learning by association, reinforcement, or observation. A. Behaviorism; psychoanalytic theory B. Psychoanalytic theory; behaviorism C. Cognitive theory; psychoanalytic theory D. Psychoanalytic theory; cognitive theory When a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually responding to the neutral stimulus in the same way as to the meaningful one, they are exhibiting _____. A. classical conditioning B. observational learning C. operant conditioning D. modeling The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent differs from the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____. A. heterozygous B. monozygotic C. homozygous D. dizygotic A trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes, resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype, is said to be _____. A. nonadditive B. multifactorial C. monozygotic D. polygenic Britta has begun repeating syllables such as “da-da-da-da” and “me-me-me-me-me.” Britta is in the _____ stage of language development. A. holophrasing B. Gurgling C. cooing D. babbling Like Freud, Erikson argued that problems and conflicts that arise in early childhood could adversely affect one's adult personality. A. False B. True The area of the cortex at the front of the brain _____. A. is well-developed in newborns B. assists with impulse control C. is responsible for visual functions D. helps humans to understand spoken words An infant's anger is usually triggered by _____. A. shame B. frustration C. sadness D. fear When playing with their children, fathers are more likely than mothers to _____. A. show them how to play with their toys B. engage in physical play C. read stories D. give them food rewards Around age 1, an emerging sense of "me" and "mine" leads to a new consciousness of others. A. True B. False Usually, stranger wariness is first noticeable at _____ months. A. 3 B. 4 C. 12 D. 9 Which theory compares human cognition to the workings of a computer? A. information-processing theory B. adaptive theory C. Piaget's theory of cognitive development D. behavioral theory A working model, according to cognitive theory, _____. A. is irrational B. can be reorganized C. can never change D. is final Piaget believed children begin to develop cognitively at _____. A. 3 months B. 18 months C. 1 year D. birth Which behavior develops around 6 weeks of age? A. laughter B. fear of unexpected sounds C. the social smile D. anger Binocular vision refers to the ability to _____. A. focus on objects at a distance B. focus on an object with both eyes C. bring an object in and out of focus D. visually distinguish between similar colors Temperament is based in environment. A. False B. True Research indicates that infants reach Piaget's stages _____ Piaget originally predicted. A. earlier than B. later than C. at the same time as D. in a different sequence than Proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining behaviors are displays of _____. A. friendliness B. fear C. attachment D. love The human body is equipped to protect the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth. This protective feature is known as _____. A. caudal protection B. brain-override C. the blood-brain barrier D. head-sparing Abuse has few long-term consequences for a child's emotional development. A. True B. False Gross motor skills emerge directly from reflexes and proceed in a _____ and proximodistal direction. A. marasmus B. cephalocaudal C. holophrase D. experience-expectant Which is NOT an essential characteristic of high-quality day care? A. a ratio of one adult to three infants B. encouragement of language development C. experienced, professional caregivers D. cleanliness routines and accident prevention The function of neurotransmitters is to _____. A. assist in the formation of new neurons B. carry information from one neuron to another C. form the synapse between neurons D. bind the neurons of the central nervous system together A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a(n) _____. A. neuron B. frontal cell C. axon D. dendrite Jessica does not notice when her Father leaves the day care center and ignores him when he returns. Jessica's behavior is characteristic of _____ attachment. A. insecure-resistant/ambivalent B. insecure-avoidant C. secure D. disorganized The average newborn triples his weight by _____. A. 9 months B. 6 months C. 1 year D. 2 years The social smile in response to another person begins to appear at about 3 weeks of age. A. True B. False Piaget called an infant's first period of cognitive development _____. A. imitative learning B. sensorimotor intelligence C. adaptation D. object awareness In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants adapt, anticipate, and become more deliberate in responding to people and objects? A. stage four B. stage one C. stage two D. stage three Margarita and Roberto are warm, nurturing parents who hold their baby often. They are exhibiting _____. A. distal parenting B. authoritarian parenting C. autonomous parenting D. proximal parenting Clean water, immunizations, and nourishing food have all had a dramatic impact on _____. A. population constriction B. infant mortality C. rates of violence D. maternal education levels Brain weight triples during the first two years of life primarily because of the growth of _____. A. dendrites B. neurons C. axons D. synapses The Strange Situation is a classic laboratory procedure used to measure attachment. A. False B. True The distinct language form known as “baby talk” is a _____. A. teaching technique used to accelerate language acquisition B. verbal collection of facts and myths about having and caring for babies C. preverbal sound (like “gaga” and “goo goo”) that mothers often make D. simplified language that adults use when talking to babies Synapses are _____. A. chemical structures that allow dendrites to send their messages to axons B. where neurons make direct contact with one another C. intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron D. the area where neurons determine whether a stimulus exceeds the absolute threshold or not According to Piaget, a stage-five sensorimotor baby is like a _____. A. scientist who experiments to see what will happen B. neurotic person who cannot take no for an answer C. child in the “terrible twos” D. mime who imitates behavior of all kinds The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Because it is rapid and temporary, this brain growth is called _____. A. cortex multiplication B. dendrite proliferation C. transient exuberance D. pruning Colic is likely the result of immature digestion in infants. A. True B. False Language acquisition device is Chomsky's term for the infant's inborn ability to learn language. A. True B. False When newborns are held upright, feet touching a flat surface, they move their legs as if to walk; this is a _____ reflex. A. stepping B. swimming C. Babinski D. Moro The term holophrase is used to denote _____. A. the use of two words to take the place of one B. the relationship of object permanence to language development C. the infant's use of one word to express a whole thought D. a word that is empty of meaning When children are immunized, they contribute to the protection of others. This is referred to as _____. A. community immunity B. failure to thrive C. herd immunity D. vaccinating The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as _____. A. unintentional B. redundant C. goal-oriented D. stubborn Social learning is achieved by observing others. A. True B. False Maxwell has recently begun to display the emotion of anger. How old is Maxwell likely to be? A. 6 weeks B. 10 months C. 6 months D. 2 months Approximately how many hours per day does the average newborn spend asleep? A. 20 to 21 B. 18 to 19 C. 15 to 17 D. 13 to 14 The last part of the brain to mature is the _____. A. prefrontal cortex B. axons C. dendrites D. synapses How do people become “fixated” in a Freudian stage? A. Their normal developmental urges are frustrated. B. Their mother is not their primary caregiver. C. They fail to undergo a normal cognitive metamorphosis. D. They experience excessive emotions. Freud's stage that takes place in the second year is called _____. A. the anal stage B. the phallic stage C. trust versus mistrust D. the oral stage Pruning neural connections improves neural communication and increases thinking ability. A. True B. False The crucial aspect of synchrony is _____. A. infants observing adults B. unilateral imitation C. mutual interaction D. infants imitating adults Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of _____. A. B. C. D. new means through active experimentation new means through mental combinations making interesting sights last new adaptation and anticipation Children reach half their adult height by the age of _____ years. A. 6 B. 2 C. 4 D. 3 When a newborn's feet are stroked, the toes fan upward; this is a _____ reflex. A. stepping B. Moro C. Babinski D. swimming Clara's weight is in the 30th percentile. This means that _____ percent of all babies her age weigh less than she does and _____ percent of all babies her age weigh more than she does. A. 20; 80 B. 70; 30 C. 30; 70 D. 80; 202 Andrew uses incorrect word forms such as “ain’t” and incorrect grammar such as “I don’t got none.” What would Skinner say was the source of Andrew’s poor language development? A. lack of innate language ability B. lack of intelligence C. parents rewarded incorrect language use D. parents role-modeled incorrect language use With social awareness comes several new emotions, including _____. A. pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt B. joy, fear, shame, and guilt C. joy, distress, fear, and anger D. pride, shame, joy, and anger According to Erikson, failure to develop autonomy over one's own actions is most closely identified with _____. A. mistrust B. the oral stage C. synchrony D. shame and doubt Piaget would place an interesting toy under a cloth, in full view of the baby, to test _____. A. B. C. D. object permanence the stage of making interesting events last reflexes primary circular reactions The Strange Situation measures how a child _____. A. plays with a parent B. responds to a stranger C. plays with toys he or she has never seen before D. responds to separations and reunions with a caregiver When Renee falls and hurts herself, she cries and runs to her Father. Rather than comforting Renee, her Father offers her a toy to distract her. Her father is probably a(n) _____. A. distal parent B. proximal parent C. slow-to-warm-up parent D. authoritative parent Brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant are called _____. A. pruning B. transient exuberance C. experience-expectant D. experience-dependent Close father–infant relationships can teach infants (especially boys) appropriate expressions of emotion, particularly _____. A. sadness B. disgust C. fear D. anger The average North American newborn weighs _____ pounds at birth. A. 5 B. 8 C. 7 D. 6 At what point in development is the sense of hearing already quite acute? A. by 6 months of age B. by 3 months of age C. at birth D. by 14 weeks of age