University:
Texas A&M University
Course:
BIOL 319 | Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Academic year:

2021
Views:

85

Pages:

47
Author:

hacedoras1kxy

26 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PART 2 Objectives Part 1 • Identify elastic and muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. • Describe the intima, media, and adventitia of all vessels. Part 2 • Describe the structure of the heart. • Also regulation of blood flow, lymphatic vessels, and diseases ARTERIOLAR FUNCTIONS ALLOW SUFFICIENT PRESSURE FOR FLOW THROUGH CAPILLARIES LOW ENOUGH PRESSURE TO PREVENT DAMAGE CONSTANT INTERMITTANCE OF BLOOD FLOW TO CAPILLARY BEDS AUTOREGULATION - SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS IN ARTERIOLES AND IN PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTERS RESPOND TO METABOLIC NEEDS, LOW O2 TENSION, THEN RELAX  INCREASED BLOOD FLOW (INDEPENDENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM) MUSCULAR ARTERY During exercise, the increase of blood flow to skeletal muscle is primarily the result meeting the metabolic needs (e.g., low O2 levels reduces the contraction of smooth muscle and their constriction of arteriolar blood flow) of the tissue due to local, nervous, and hormonal regulatory mechanisms. Also, there will be an increased heart rate. ARTERIOLE VENULE VENULE VENULE COLLECT BLOOD FROM CAPILLARIES (EDEMA) ut165 Human testis Blood capillaries Testicular capsule Leydig cells Vein Artery Lymphatic capillaries In most organs, the network of blood capillaries is paralleled by a plexus of capillaries of the draining lymphatic system. Blood capillaries LYMPH VESSELS FUNCTIONS RETURN PROTEIN, FLUID, AND BLOOD CELLS LYMPH VESSELS LYMPH FLOW • COMPRESSION OF LYMPHATIC VESICLES (MUSCLES, PULSATING BLOOD VESSELS) UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW • CONTROLLED BY VALVES FLOW RATE • REMARKABLY RAPID ANCHORING DEVICE • VESSELS OPEN Drainage and the function of lymph vessels • Function: collect excess interstitial fluid “lymph” from tissue and return it to the blood • Drain: starts as lymph capillaries to lymph vessels to lymph nodes for filtration then to lymph ducts (thoracic, tracheal duct, and right lymphatic) that empty into the blood stream. LYMPH VESSELS TRANSPORT ACROSS TRANSIT VESICLES CAPILLARIES INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS LYMPH VESSELS FUNCTIONS RETURN PROTEIN, FLUID, AND BLOOD CELLS TRANSPORT SECRETIONS (HORMONES, ANTIBODIES) TRANSPORT FAT (NEUTRAL FAT) Human Spermatic cord Veins Valves of vein arteries Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic valves Valves of vein vein Slide 27: Aorta (elastic/conducting artery) Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia Vaso vasorum Slide 28: Aorta (Verhoeff’s and trichrome stains) Tunica intima Elastic fibers Tunica media Tunica adventitia Vasa vasorum Slide 14: Heart (right ventricle) Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium Slide 14: Heart (right ventricle) Adipose cells Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium Slide 14: Heart (right ventricle) Adipose cells Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium Artery Vein of vasa vasorum Slide 14: Heart (right ventricle) Adipose cells Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium Artery Vein of vasa vasorum 14 loose connective tissue Myocardium Myocardium The epicardium is a simple squamous mesothelium supported by a layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves. Also there are blood vessels in the myocardium too. Myocardium 14 loose connective tissue Myocardium Myocardium nerve The epicardium is a simple squamous mesothelium supported by a layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves. Also there are blood vessels in the myocardium too. Myocardium 14 loose connective tissue Myocardium Artery The epicardium is a simple squamous mesothelium supported by a layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves. Also there are blood vessels in the myocardium too. Myocardium Myocardium 14 loose connective tissue Myocardium Myocardium Artery nerve The epicardium is a simple squamous mesothelium supported by a layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves. Also there are blood vessels in the myocardium too. Myocardium CARDIAC MUSCLE INTERCALATED DISC CARDIAC MUSCLE INTERCALATED DISC FASCIA ADHERENS MACULAE ADHERENS GAP JUNCTIONS LATERAL PORTION CARDIAC MUSCLE Slide 14: Heart (right ventricle) Intercalated discs Subendothelium Endothelium You will likely not find PURKINJE FIBERS in this image, but you can in image 23. EM 48: Heart Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies Heart Internodal connections Slide 23: Heart (ventricle – bovine) Purkinje fibers PURKINJE FIBERS (modified cardiac muscle cells) Slide 24: Heart valve Papillary muscle Chordae tendineae Valve VASA VASORUM VESSEL OF VESSELS THE CORONARY ARTERY IS A VASA VASORUM CARDIAC MUSCLE mitochondria VASA VASORUM nerve BLOOD BARRIERS TYPE SOURCE OF BARRIER BLOOD-BRAIN ZONULA OCCLUDENS OF ENDOTHELIUM BLOOD BARRIERS TYPE SOURCE OF BARRIER BLOOD-BRAIN ZONULA OCCLUDENS OF ENDOTHELIUM BLOOD-THYMUS ZONULA OCCLUDENS OF ENDOTHELIUM AND SHEATH OF EPITHELIAL RETICULUM BLOOD BARRIERS TYPE SOURCE OF BARRIER BLOOD-BRAIN ZONULA OCCLUDENS OF ENDOTHELIUM BLOOD-THYMUS ZONULA OCCLUDENS OF ENDOTHELIUM AND SHEATH OF EPITHELIAL RETICULUM BLOOD-TESTIS OCCLUDING JUNCTIONS BETWEEN SERTOLI CELLS IN SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES Clinical Correlation The proper distal / proximal orientation of the vein is important during bypass surgery to prevent engaging the valves of the vein and preventing blood flow. During coronary bypass surgery, the great saphenous vein of the leg can be used to bypass blocked coronary arteries. AGE-RELATED AND/OR DISEASERELATED CHANGES IN BLOOD VESSELS DEFECT ARTERIOSCLEROSIS (HARDENING OF ARTERIES) ATHEROSCLEROSIS (HEART ATTACK AND STROKE) CAUSE ELASTIC LAMELLAE REPLACED BY OTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE ELEMENTS PATCHY, IRREGULAR THICKENING OF INTIMA Atherosclerosis is the most common disease of blood vessels. Tunica intima is either damaged or dysfunctional. Changes seen include the presence of foam cells, accumulation of free LDL, and entry of monocytes and macrophages as well as narrowed lumen due to fibrofatty plaques (atheromas). FUNCTION / ACTIONS OF LYSOSOMES UNPROGRAMMED CELL DEATH DAMAGE/DEATH TO CARDIAC CELLS IN ISCHEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONS FUNCTION / ACTIONS OF LYSOSOMES PRE-STENT POST-STENT

Cardiovascular System Part 2

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