University:
Texas A&M University
Course:
BIOL 319 | Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Academic year:

2021
Views:

281

Pages:

109
Author:

palangresq3v

BLOOD VASCULAR AND LYMPH VASCULAR SYSTEMS Objectives Functions of vessels Layers in vascular walls Classification of vessels Components of vascular walls Control of blood flow in microvasculature Variation in microvasculature Blood barriers Lymphatic system BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS Introduction Multicellular Organisms Need 3 Mechanisms --------------------------------------------------------------1. Distribute oxygen, nutrients, and hormones 2. Collect waste 3. Transport waste to excretory organs CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM meets the Need of Multicellular Organisms to distribute, collect, and transport --------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Distribute oxygen, nutrients, and hormones CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2. Collect waste 3. Transport waste to excretory organs CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Cardiovascular System Component Heart Function - Produce blood pressure (systole) Elastic arteries - Conduct blood and maintain pressure during diastole Muscular arteries - Distribute blood, maintain pressure Arterioles - Peripheral resistance and distribute blood Capillaries - Exchange nutrients and waste Venules - Collect blood from capillaries (Edema) Veins - Transmit blood to large veins, reservoir Larger veins - receive lymph and return blood to Heart, blood reservoir Cardiovascular System Heart produces blood pressure (systole) ARTERIOLES – PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE Vessels are structurally adapted to physical and metabolic requirements. Cardiovascular System Elastic arteries- conduct blood and maintain pressure during diastole Elastic arteries 30024 Cardiovascular System Muscular Arteries - distribute blood, maintain pressure Arterioles - peripheral resistance and distribute blood Capillaries - exchange nutrients and waste Venules - collect blood from capillaries (edema) Cardiovascular System Veins - transmit blood to large veins reservoir Larger veins - receive lymph and return blood to heart, blood reservoir Volume: 5-6 l = 12-13 pints/ person Classification of Vessel Size (caliber) Prominent structures in wall Function Layers In Vascular Wall Layer Tunica Intima Composition Endothelium (Subendothelia ct. Internal elastic Lamina) Tunica media Smooth muscle (elastic lamellae, external elastic lamina) Large vein Tunica Adventitia Connective Tissue (longitudinal smooth muscle, vasa vasorum) Layers in vascular wall Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Adventitia Muscular Artery Elastic Artery Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Adventitia Elastic artery (human aorta) Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Adventitia Tunica Adventitia Tunica Media Elastic artery Muscular artery 30024 Elastic lamina Tunica Media Elastic artery Elastic lamina Muscular artery Tunica Intima Tunica Media Blood Tunica Adventitia 109 Muscular artery (smooth muscle cells in tunica media) Small artery/arteriole Arteriole Contracted Extended Arterioles Contracted Extended Arteriole (branched) Circumferential arrangement of smooth muscle cells Venule Capillary Arteriole Endothelial cells Capillary Pericytes VENULE Venule Venule Collect blood from capillaries and edema Arteriole Capillary Venule Function of CT Metabolite exchange both out and in through the vascular beds Venule Venule Note difference in density of smooth muscle cells. Venule Artery Small Vein TUNICA INTIMA Large vein TUNICA MEDIA Large Vein 196 TUNICA ADVENTITIA Small vein Tunica Adventitia Connective Tissue (longitudinal smooth muscle) Spermatic cord Large artery valve Large veins Longitudinal arranged, smooth muscle Name these vessels: Bile duct with portal vein, monkey Arteriole Bile duct Arterioles portal vein Muscular artery Medium vein Fat cells Capillary Venules Muscular artery Cardiac Muscle Cardiac Muscle Intercalated disc Cardiac Muscle A and I bands • Intercalated Disc Fascia Adherens Maculae Adherens Gap Junctions Lateral Portion Intercalated discs Cardiac Muscle (sheep) Intercalated Disc I band A band Cardiac Muscle Mitochondria Cardiac Muscle PURKINJE FIBERS Cardiac Muscle PURKINJE FIBERS Vasa Vasorum VESSEL OF VESSELS THE CORONARY ARTERY IS A VASA VASORUM CONTROL OF BLOOD FLOW: TONE = state of partial contraction of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels Smooth Muscle cells in a MUSCULAR ARTERY Blood pressure created during systole of the heart expands the vessels with no tone enlarging the lumen and increasing the volume of blood within them. Tone – state of partial contraction of smooth muscle cells in arteries and veins that reduces the caliber of the lumen. Innervations of smooth muscle cells of blood vessels controls the tone. Normal nervous control No nervous control Control Of Blood Flow Through Microvasculature Arterioles Precapillary sphincters Metarterioles Arteriolar Functions Allow sufficient pressure for flow through capillaries Low enough pressure to prevent damage Constant intermittence of blood flow to capillary beds Autoregulation - smooth muscle cells in arterioles and in pre-capillary sphincters respond to metabolic needs (e.g., low O2 tension), then relax increase caliber of the lumen increase blood flow (independent of nervous system) to increase local O2 concentrations Autoregulation by smooth muscle cells Arteriole Remember that contraction of vessel muscles restricts caliber of the vessel and reduces flow Characteristics of Endothelium – active cell Has enzymes and receptors Transport without much energy Flat for less turbulence Negatively charged surface Non-wettable surface UT 196 32409 Arteriole Endothelium Smooth muscle cells 225 Endothelium has Transport without much energy Methods of transport 1. Diffusion 2. Vesicle transport 3. Channels between junctions Methods of transport through capillary walls Types of capillaries & basal lamina characteristics Capillaries Continuous basal lamina complete Fenestrated complete glomerulus, adrenal Discontinuous or sinusoidal incomplete or lacking liver, spleen, bone marrow MUSCLE GLOMERULUS examples of locations muscle, testis, brain, thymus LIVER Continuous Continuous Fenestrated Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal Continuous capillaries muscle, testis, brain, thymus testis glomerulus, adrenal Fenestrated Kidney Fenestrated Sinusoidal Liver Continuous (gut) Sinusoidal Angiogenesis – growth of blood vessels Mesenchymal cells Endothelial cells Smooth muscle cells Fibroblasts Angiogenesis Vascular Valves Location - medium caliber veins (especially extremities) collecting and lymphatic ducts Function - insure unidirectional flow Composition flap or leaflet which are folds of the intima with reinforcements of connective tissue Endothelium Variations in the Microvasculature Common Arteriole  Capillary  Venule Shunts Arteriole  Metarteriole  Venule Artery av shunt Vein Variations in the Microvasculature Venous portal system Capillary  Portal Vein  Capillary Arterial portal system Capillary  Portal Arteriole  Capillary Generic function of any Portal System Venous portal system Arterial portal system Function of portal system? Modify local blood composition with first capillary modifying blood composition and second distributing modified blood locally for benefit of nearby target cells/tissues First capillary network Second capillary network Arterial portal system First capillary network – increases osmotic pressure by filtering solids out of liquid blood Capillary  Portal Arteriole  Capillary Second capillary network -- uses increased osmotic pressure to reabsorb water into blood stream First capillary network – adds releasing hormones from the hypothalamus into blood Second capillary network -- uses releasing hormones in blood to regulate/stimulate release of hormones by the cells of the anterior pituitary Blood barriers Type Source of Barrier Blood-brain Zonula Occludens of endothelium Blood-thymus Zonula Occludens of endothelium and sheath of epithelial reticulum Blood-testis Occluding junctions between Sertoli cells in Seminiferous tubules Typical Endothelial Tight Junction and Marginal Fold Blood-Brain Barrier Typical Blood-Thymus Barrier Zonula Occludens of endothelium and sheath of epithelial reticulum Occluding junctions between Sertoli cells Blood-testis barrier occluding junctions between Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules Lymph vessels Functions return protein, fluid, and blood cells Lymph vessels Functions: return protein, fluid, and blood cells via the thoracic duct Transport secretions (hormones, antibodies) Transport fat (neutral fat) Lymph vessels Transport across transit vesicles Capillaries Intercellular junctions 153 Colon, monkey Lymph vessels with valves Lymph vessels Lymph flow – Compression of lymphatic vesicles (muscles, pulsating blood vessels) Unidirectional flow – Controlled by valves Flow rate – Remarkably rapid Anchoring device – Vessels open Lymph vessels - Spermatic code Portal vein and common bile duct blood capillary Blood capillary lymph vessel lymph vessel Endothelial cells of lymph vessels are thinner than endothelial cells of blood capillaries Lymph is returned to the blood stream via the thoracic duct Thoracic duct Thoracic duct Muscular artery Endothelium Age-related and/or disease- related changes in blood vessels Defect Arteriosclerosis cause elastic lamellae (hardening of arteries) replaced by other connective tissue elements 30024 Atherosclerosis patchy, irregular (heart attack and thickening of intima , stroke) Function / actions of lysosomes Unprogrammed cell death Damage/death to cardiac cells in ischemia associated with myocardial infarctions 90% occlusion Function / actions of lysosomes PRE-STENT POST-STENT Summary Vessels are structurally adapted to physical and metabolic requirements. Summary Vessels are structurally adapted to physical and metabolic requirements.

Blood Vascular and Lymph Vascular Systems

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