University:
Texas A&M University
Course:
BIOL 319 | Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Academic year:

2019
Views:

67

Pages:

53
Author:

palangresq3v

Urinary System OBJECTIVE Function Evolution (Smith, role of the jaw) Anatomy Kidney structure Composition of nephrons Identification of nephron components Excretory components Ref code # 6, 8 Function of Urinary System: Homeostasis Rid body of waste (urea, uric acid, creatinine, salts) Preserves constancy of extracellular fluid in composition, volume, and pH Endocrine function a) Secrete erythropoietin - red blood cell production b) Produces renin - aldosterone release Ref code #8 Kidney Function Based on Combination of: • • • • Filtration Active Secretion Passive Diffusion Selective Absorption 19713 258 Ref code # 16 34400 Evolution – Animals escaping predators Fresh water Salt water https://www .google.co m/search?q =evolution+ of+kidney+ by+smith&s ource=lnms &tbm=isch& sa=X&ved= 0ahUKEwid vS72M3YA hVS6GMK HfFCC2AQ _AUICigB#i mgrc=_TLN _3GCOgt6 RM: PORTAL ARTERIOLE https://www .google.co m/search?q =evolution+ of+kidney+ by+smith&s ource=lnms &tbm=isch& sa=X&ved= 0ahUKEwid vS72M3YA hVS6GMK HfFCC2AQ _AUICigB#i mgrc=_TLN _3GCOgt6 RM: ARTERIAL PORTAL SYSTEM Portal system = CAPILLARY  PORTAL ARTERIOLE  CAPILLARY https://www .google.co m/search?q =evolution+ of+kidney+ by+smith&s ource=lnms &tbm=isch& sa=X&ved= 0ahUKEwid vS72M3YA hVS6GMK HfFCC2AQ _AUICigB#i mgrc=_TLN _3GCOgt6 RM: Function of a portal system? 1st afferent ARTERIOLE Glomerular CAPILLARY efferent ARTERIOLE and PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES 2nd 1st 2nd local change in blood composition whereby the first capillary modifies and second allows the change in composition to affect local cells near it. Ref code # 5, 8 Cortex Medulla Cortex 19713 Ref code # 5,14, 16 Ref code #5 Hilus region where blood vessels enter and leave and the ureter begins Cortex and Medulla of the kidney Minor calyces 458 Cortex 260 Cortex Medulla 34400 Medulla Medulla Cortex Renal capsule 19713 19713 Cortex Medulla 19713 Ref code #5 Ref code # 5, 6 Cortex Medulla 258 Ref code # 6, Cortex Medulla 258 19713 kidney thin loop of Henle in cortex Thin loop of Henle in cortex Ref code #6 Portal Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidney. Nephrons consists of: • A glomerulus, • Bowman's capsule, • proximal convoluted tubule, • loop of Henle, • distal convoluted tubule, and • collecting tubule (collecting ducts). Ref code #8 Ref code # 8, 16 Portal Ref code #8 Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidney. 34400 Cortex Ref code #8 19713 Medulla Slide Histo 032: Kidney (H&E) Urinary pole Bowman's space Parietal epithelium Bowman’s capsule Podocyte Glomerulus Visceral epithelium Arteriole of vascular pole Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa Renal corpuscle Renal corpuscle Arterioles 19713 Visceral epithelium Distal tubule and macula densa Distal tubule and macula densa Bowman's space Glomerular endothelium Glomerular basal lamina 258 The renal corpuscle provides the anatomical structure required for the first phase of urine formation: the production of the glomerular filtrate. Several histological arrangements and structures are required for the production of glomerular filtrate: 1) arterioles entering and leaving the glomerulus, 2) glomerular endothelium, 3) glomerular basal lamina, and 4) visceral epithelium of the Bowman's capsule Components of the filtration barrier: 1. The fenestrations of the capillary endothelium, which blocks blood cells and platelets 2. The thick, combined basal laminae, or GBM, which restricts large proteins and some organic anions 3. The filtration slit diaphragms between pedicels, which restrict some small proteins and organic anions EM 18a The glomerular basal lamina, thick and anionic, filters macromolecule s according to their size and electrostatic charge. Ref code # 16 Glomerular Features for Extreme Filtration 258 19713 Very Large Surface Area (1.5 m2) Large resistance afforded by reduced diameter of the efferent arteriole Glomerular Thin Filter (0.1 µm) basal lamina Thus, 25 times more permeable The hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillaries provides the than regular capillaries driving force for producing 180 Endothelium of the glomerular capillaries is fenestrated liters of glomerular filtrate per day. The filtrate resembles blood plasma without large (>40,000 MW) proteins. Ref code #5 Vascular pole – site of afferent and efferent arterioles Urinary pole – site of union of parietal cells of Bowman's Capsule and cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules Vascular pole 258 Urinary pole Parietal cells Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule EM 18b 19713 Slide Histo 032: Kidney (H&E) Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa of distal tubule Juxtaglomerular cells Distal convoluted tubules Proximal convoluted tubules Microvilli Brush border Brush border is involved in reabsorption of protein. Proximal convoluted tubules 19713 0 to 8 mg/dL protein in urine is considered normal. 258 Brush border Ref code # 6, 19 Proximal Convoluted Tubules Ref code # 6, 19 34400 Brush border Distal tubules Acidophilic cytoplasm Nuclei far apart Histo32 Indistinct lateral cell boundaries 19713 Kidney (H&E) Cortex Capsule Cortex Medulla Medulla Arcuate arteries Juxtamedullary nephrons Medullary rays Slide Histo32 Ref code #8 Transitions Toulidine blue kidney Ascending loop of Henle Peritubular capillaries of the vasa recta Distal tubules Transition from ascending loop of Henle to distal tubules 36748 Descending loop of Henle Transition from proximal tubules to thin descending loop of Henle Transitions from ascending loop of Henle to distal tubules Enfolding of the basal cell membrane line up mitochondria in cells of the distal tubule. 36748 Ref code # 6, 8 Distal Convoluted Tubules No brush border Less acidophilic cytoplasm Nuclei relatively close Larger lumen Juxtaglomerular apparatus Ref code #7 258 Renin granules in JG cells of Kidney (PAS) Ref code #7 Rich blood supply of peritubular capillaries and vasa recta cortex 260 Arcuate arteries medulla Ref code #5 36748 Ascending loop of Henle Distal tubule Blood capillaries of the vasa recta Descending loop of Henle Countercurrent exchanger Ref code # 5, 6 Countercurrent multiplier Capillaries of the vasa recta Peritubular Capillaries Absorbs - 180 liters/day from interstitial spaces; thus, ~4 times reabsorption of venous end of all other capillaries of body Endothelial cells - extremely porous Colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma proteins Low capillary pressure Proximity to uriniferous tubules About 85% of the water and sodium of the glomerular filtrate is resorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule and passes back into the bloodstream via the peritubular capillaries. Peritubular Capillaries https://ww w.google.c om/search ?q=evoluti on+of+kid ney+by+s mith&sour ce=lnms&t bm=isch& sa=X&ved =0ahUKE widvS72M3Y AhVS6GM KHfFCC2 AQ_AUICi gB#imgrc= _TLN_3G COgt6RM: Kidney medulla CT CT TnLH CT ThLH CT Cap CT Cap 19713 458 kidney Collecting duct Slide Histo 032: Kidney (H&E) Apex of renal pyramid Renal calyx CT adventia capsule Renal pyramind and calyx Medulla Renal pelvis Cortex Simple columnar to transitional-like epithelium of pyramid Histo32 458 kidney cortex medulla Minor calyx Ref code # 4, 5, 14, 19 Ureter – transitional epithelium and smooth muscle Ureters have three coats: 1) a mucous membrane consisting of transitional epithelium (4-5 cells thick) in longitudinal folds supported by a lamina propria of dense connective tissue, 2) a muscle coat with inner longitudinal and outer circular muscle fibers (an outermost layer of longitudinal fibers may also be present), and 3) an adventitial layer of fibroelastic connective tissue Ref code #5 160 Urinary bladder, monkey Adventitial layer Muscle coat Lamina propria Transitional epithelium Ref code # 1, 9 Ref code # 1, 6, 9 Ref code #5 277 Human Penis – transitional epithelium and surrounding spongy cavernous of penal urethra Ref code # 16 In summary Questions on the urinary system Which of the following process - structure combination(s) of the urinary tract match? a. filtration - renal corpuscle b. reabsorption of proteins - proximal tubule c. reabsorption of sugar - distal tubule d. a and b e. a, b, and c Renal corpuscles a. facilitate the interaction between the blood and uriniferous tubules b. contain parietal cells that filters the blood c. contain mesangial cells that has renin granules d. a and b e. a, b, and c Which characteristics facilitate maximal filtration of the glomerulus? a. large filter b. thin filter c. high blood pressure created by difference in the caliber of the afferent and efferent arterioles d. a and b e. a, b, and c

Urinary System

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