Respiratory System

University:
Texas A&M University
Course:
BIOL 319 | Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Academic year:

2020
Views:

166

Pages:

77
Author:

Kundulu8mbj

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 42 Objectives • Characterize each subdivision of the respiratory 36 • system (larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli). • Identify each of the cell types and matrix components that are involved with respiratory conduction and conditioning of the inspired air. • Describe the structure and function of each of the components of the alveolar septum including alveolar macrophages, Type I and II alveolar cells, capillaries, fibroblasts, mast cells and matrix fibers (collagen III and elastin). • Identify the air passages found in the lungs. These include the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. 36b 42 Respiratory System • Conduction o Maintenance of an open lumen o Ability to accommodate expansion and contraction, o Warming, moisturizing and filtering of the inspired air • Respiration o Rapid exchange of atmospheric gases o Alveolar wall cells secrete surfactant • Structure o Skeletal components (cartilage, etc.) o Vascularization o Glands in lamina propria - Epithelium in the respiratory system Respiratory epithelium Epithelium in the respiratory system Respiratory epithelium Epithelium in the respiratory system Respiratory epithelium Epithelium in the respiratory system Respiratory epithelium Olfactory epithelium Epithelium in the respiratory system Skin junction Ut 429 False vocal cords True vocal cords 38b Respiratory epithelium of trachea 1. Basement membrane 2. Ciliated cell 3. Goblet cell EM 8 trachea; 20630x 1. Mucous 2. Microvilli 3. Cilia 4. Goblet cell 36 The highly vascular nature of the lamina propria is important for conditioning inhaled air. A complex vasculature with loops of capillaries near the epithelial surface carries blood in a general direction counter to the flow of inspired air and releases heat to warm that air. Also, the swell bodies reduce the flow of air on either side of the nose and switches every 30 min to allow rehydration on one side as air flow is shifted to the other side. Respiratory epithelium 36 Slide 36: Respiratory (Olfactory) mucosa and nasal septum Cartilaginous nasal septum Hyaline cartilage Highly vascular lamina propria Swell bodies Bowman’s glands Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Slide 36: Respiratory (Olfactory) mucosa and nasal septum Highly vascular lamina propria Swell bodies Olfactory epithelium Bowman’s glands Slide 36 001: Respiratory (Olfactory) mucosa and nasal septum Highly vascular lamina propria Swell bodies Olfactory epithelium Bowman’s glands Nerves Slide 36: Respiratory (Olfactory) mucosa and nasal septum Respiratory mucosa Olfactory mucosa Bowman’s glands Swell bodies LARYNX - IRREGULAR TUBE CONNECTS PHARYNX TO TRACHEA CARTILAGE • LARGE - HYALINE - THYROID, CRICOID • SMALLER - ELASTIC EPIGLOTTIS Slide 37: Epiglottis Elastic cartilage Lamina propria with mucous glands Nonkeratinized stratified squamous lingual epithelium Respiratory epithelium Respiratory epithelium Superior (lingual) surface: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium; when the epiglottis is covering the larynx, this layer is exposed and acts as a barrier to prevent swallowed food or fluid from entering the larynx Inferior (laryngeal) surface: pseudostratified columnar respiratory epithelium; this layer is exposed during breathing, when the epiglottis is not covering the larynx, and acts as respiratory epithelium 429 larynx Two types of cartilage are found in the larynx. Elastic cartilage occurs only in the epiglottis of the larynx. All other cartilage in the respiratory system is hyaline. 38b false true CRICOID cartilage THYROID cartilage Slide 38: Larynx False vocal cord with laryngeal glands Tracheal hyaline cartilage False vocal cord False vocal cord pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Vocalis muscle and vocal ligament of true vocal cord True vocal cord Laryngeal ventricle True vocal cord nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Slide 39: Lower Larynx (trichrome) 6 7 2 2 1 3 3 4 4 1 2 2 5 2 2 3 1 1. Thyroid 5. Respiratory epithelium 2. Skeletal muscle 6. Esophagus 3. Hyaline cartilage 7. Brown fat 4. Connective tissue Psuedostratified ciliated columnar respiratory epithelium Lymphoid nodules Glands Hyaline cartilage TRACHEA THIN WALLED TUBE 16-20 C-SHAPED RINGS OF HYALINE TRACHEALIS MUSCLE • SMOOTH MUSCLE • ALLOWS FOR REGULATION OF SIZE OF LUMEN FOR COUGH REFLEX Trachea, monkey – glands in trachea The capacity to narrow the lumen of the trachea by contraction of the trachealis muscle is important in the cough reflex . Narrowing the tracheal lumen increases the velocity of the expelled air and better loosening of material in the air passage. Slide 40: Trachea Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Lamina propria composed of loose CT Gland in submucosa Hyaline cartilage Trachealis muscle Slide 40: Trachea Goblet cells Large nerve Blood vessel Lymph nodule bronchus bronchus Bronchial tree - Cells in the respiratory portion 41 Smooth muscle TERMINAL BRONCHIOLE CLARE CELLS Ciliated cells Respiratory BRONCHIOLE 259 Smooth muscle Elastic fibers Cells in the respiratory portion BRONCHIOLE Type I cells Endothelium Type II cells Macrophages 41 Slide 41: Lung Bronchus Conducting bronchiole Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar duct Alveoli Alveolar sac Capillaries Capillaries 42 BLOOD-AIR BARRIER SURFACE LINING AND CYTOPLASM OF ALVEOLAR CELLS FUSED BASAL LAMINAE CYTOPLASM OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL 48 36721 • Mast cells function in the localized release of many bioactive substances with roles in the local inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair. • Mast cell granules normally contain: heparin, histamine, serine proteases, eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors, cytokines, etc. 36721 19714 lung macrophages macrophages 432 macrophages macrophages 1. Type I pneumonocyte 2. Type II pneumonocyte Type II pneumocytes produce surfactant which helps prevent alveolar collapse at exhalation by reducing surface tension and allows alveoli to be inflated with less respiratory force, easing the work of breathing. Slide 41 and 42: Lung 42 42 Mesothelium and connective tissue Type I & Type II pneumocytes 42 41 Capillary endothelial cells and fibroblasts Alveolar macrophage MACROPHAGES Slide 42 : Lung (mast cells) Mast cell Bronchus 19714 Conducting bronchiole Mesothelium Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Type I pneumocyte Alveolar macrophage Type II pneumocyte Alveoli 19714 lung Alveolar macrophages phagocytize erythrocytes lost from damaged capillaries and airborne particulate matter that has penetrated as gar as the alveoli. In congestive heart failure, the lungs become congested with blood, and erythrocytes pass into the alveoli, where they are phagocytized by alveolar macrophages. In such cases, these macrophages are called heart failure cells. Small pieces of lungs from a non-smoker and from a smoker EM 22 & 23 Type I pneumocytes cover about 95% of the alveolar surface as this cell is primary contributor to the alveolar lining. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY SURFACTANT FUNCTIONS IN REDUCING SURFACE TENSION, REDUCES WORK OF BREATHING, AND HELPS KEEP ALVEOLI OPEN AND MAY HAVE A BACTERICIDAL EFFECT RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY SURFACTANT FUNCTIONS IN REDUCING SURFACE TENSION, REDUCES WORK OF BREATHING, AND HELPS KEEP ALVEOLI OPEN AND MAY HAVE A BACTERICIDAL EFFECT HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE - PREMATURE INFANTS CANNOT GET OR MAKE SUFFICIENT SURFACTANT RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY SURFACTANT FUNCTIONS IN REDUCING SURFACE TENSION, REDUCES WORK OF BREATHING, AND HELPS KEEP ALVEOLI OPEN AND MAY HAVE A BACTERICIDAL EFFECT HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE - PREMATURE INFANTS CANNOT GET OR MAKE SUFFICIENT SURFACTANT BRONCHOALVEOLAR FLUID - CLEARED BY CILIARY ACTION TOWARD ORAL CAVITY (CONTAIN LYSOSOME, COLLAGENASE, GLUCURONIDASE) RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY SURFACTANT FUNCTIONS IN REDUCING SURFACE TENSION, REDUCES WORK OF BREATHING, AND HELPS KEEP ALVEOLI OPEN AND MAY HAVE A BACTERICIDAL EFFECT HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE - PREMATURE INFANTS CANNOT GET OR MAKE SUFFICIENT SURFACTANT BRONCHOALVEOLAR FLUID - CLEARED BY CILIARY ACTION TOWARD ORAL CAVITY (CONTAIN LYSOSOME, COLLAGENASE, GLUCURONIDASE) MACROPHAGES - CONTAIN HEMOSIDERIN, PRODUCE LYTIC ENZYMES IN BRONCHOALVEOLAR FLUID Clinical Correlation A patient has been smoking for 30 years. He develops a hoarse voice and, upon examination, the larynx is inflamed. The patients larynx may now contain nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. This change in epithelial state is termed metaplasia Because of his excessive smoking, this patient has also developed emphysema. Normal larynx with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Abnormal larynx with stratified squamous epithelium

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