University:
Texas A&M University
Course:
BIOL 319 | Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Academic year:

2019
Views:

384

Pages:

120
Author:

FrextWhestembki

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM II ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS Objectives • Distinguish between the parotid and submandibular salivary glands. • Understand and identify the structural organization of the pancreas. • Characterize the structural organization of the liver and relate it to a classical lobule, portal lobule and hepatic acinus. • Identify the gall bladder and describe its function. Major salivary glands - Slide 71: Parotid gland Serous acini Ducts Slide 72: Submandibular gland Intralobular ducts Striated duct Mucous acini Serous acini Slide 72 : Submandibular gland Serous acini Mucous acini Serous demilune Stratified cuboidal/ columnar epithelium of larger interlobular duct Pancreas and duodenum - Slide 70: Pancreas (plastic-embedded) Exocrine acini Endocrine Zymogen granules Identify these features EM 15: Pancreatic acinar cells 70 34218 Biliary tract and gallbladder - Slide 69: Gall bladder Brush border of simple columnar epithelium Lamina propria Irregular smooth muscle of muscularis externa Adventitia/Serosa Mucous glands Liver - Slide 67: Pig liver Portal triad Hepatic artery Portal vein Bile duct Classic lobule Central vein Slide 67 : Pig liver Space of Disse beneath endothelial cell Hepatic sinusoids Hepatic macrophage (Kupffer cell) Hepatocytes Hepatic capsule (Glisson’s) EM 11 and 36 68 EM 10 Slide 68: Human Liver Hepatic lobule Hepatic sinusoids Central vein Hepatic cords Hepatic capsule Portal vein Hepatic artery Bile duct Clinical Correlation The most common cause of liver cirrhosis is chronic alcoholism. Which zone of the liver acinus would be most severely affected by alcohol? - - What would a biopsy of liver tissue from a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis look like? Read “Exploring Alcohol’s Effects on Liver Function” by JACQUELYN J. MAHER, M.D. • http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh21-1/05.pdf • - Clinical Correlation The most common cause of liver cirrhosis is chronic alcoholism. Which zone of the liver acinus would be most severely affected by alcohol? • Alcohol metabolism requires increased oxygen utilization, thereby reducing the availability of oxygen (hypoxia) for cells in zone III of the liver. • The relative lack of oxygen (hypoxia) in zone III encourages fibrosis in cirrhotic livers. What would a biopsy of liver tissue from a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis look like? - Clinical Correlation The most common cause of liver cirrhosis is chronic alcoholism. Which zone of the liver acinus would be most severely affected by alcohol? • Alcohol metabolism requires increased oxygen utilization, thereby reducing the availability of oxygen (hypoxia) for cells in zone III of the liver. • The relative lack of oxygen (hypoxia) in zone III encourages fibrosis in cirrhotic livers. What would a biopsy of liver tissue from a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis look like? • The liver tissue from a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis would demonstrate extensive fibrosis that distorts the liver structure. - Answers to questions in lab manual 1. Identify an important enzyme produced by the parotid gland. • 2. Identify an enzyme secreted by the cells forming the demilune and its function. • 3. Serous cells of parotid glands secrete abundant alpha-amylase, that initiates hydrolysis of carbohydrates, and prolinerich proteins with antimicrobial and other protective properties. Lysozyme, functions in bacterial wall hydrolysis. What is the functional significance of these infoldings? • The infoldings of the basal cell membrane seen in striated ducts contain numerous elongated mitochondria. These structures are characteristic feature of cells that transport fluids and electrolytes across cell membranes. • These mitochondria within the folds supply energy for rapid ion uptake from saliva. 4. What is the significance of this (lactoferrin secretion by some submandibular glands? • 5. What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? • 6. Lactoferrin binds iron, thereby preventing bacterial growth (which requires iron). Modifies, transports, and stores proteins produced by attached ribosomes; these proteins are secreted, become components of the plasma membrane, or serve as enzymes of lysosomes. What are zymogen granules? • Secretory granules with dense contents of inactive precursors of digestive enzymes Answers to questions in lab manual 7. What hormone causes contraction of the smooth muscle layer and where is that hormone produced? • • 8. Cholecystokinin (CCK) causes contraction of the smooth muscle layer. CCK is produced by enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine and is stimulated by the presence of ingested fats. What is the difference between a serosa and an adventia? • Serosa: Thin layer of loose connective tissue with a simple squamous mesothelium. The serosa is continuous with mesenteries, which are continuous with the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal cavity. • Surrounds digestive organs that are suspended within the abdominal cavity. • Adventitia: Thick connective tissue layer that merges with surrounding tissues and lacks mesothelium. • Surrounds digestive organs that are not suspended within the abdominal cavity, but rather are bound directly to adjacent structures. 9. Identify the function of the gall bladder. • 10. Is the hepatic capsule (Glisson’s) present? • 11. The function of the gallbladder is to store bile. Yes. What is found in the Space of Disse? • • Irregular microvilli projecting from the hepatocytes fill the Space of Disse. This direct contact between hepatocytes and plasma facilitates most key hepatocyte functions that involve uptake and release of nutrients, proteins, and potential toxins. Answers to questions in lab manual 12. Are lymphatics part of the portal triad? Where are they found in the liver? • Not part of the portal triad per say (portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct), but most peripheral portal areas do contain lymphatics. 13. Which zone of the liver acinus would be most severely affected by alcohol? • Alcohol metabolism requires increased oxygen utilization, thereby reducing the availability of oxygen (hypoxia) for cells in zone III of the liver. • The relative lack of oxygen (hypoxia) in zone III encourages fibrosis in cirrhotic livers. 14. What would a biopsy of liver tissue from a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis look like? • The liver tissue from a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis would demonstrate extensive fibrosis that distorts the liver structure. LIVER, GALLBLADDER, PANCREAS, AND SALIVARY GLANDS OBJECTIVES Learn of the GENERAL AND UNIQUE STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF GLANDS ASSOCIATED WITH DIGESTIVE TRACT ORIGIN OF THESE GLANDS AND HOW STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THESE GLANDS CONTRIBUTE TO THEIR FUNCTION IN DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF FOOD STUFFS ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIUM ECTODERM - EPIDERMIS OF SKIN AND EPITHELIUM OF ECTODERM CORNEA TOGETHER COVERS THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF THE BODY; SEBACEOUS AND MAMMARY GLANDS ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIUM ECTODERM - EPIDERMIS OF SKIN AND EPITHELIUM OF ECTODERM CORNEA TOGETHER COVERS THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF THE BODY; SEBACEOUS AND MAMMARY GLANDS ENDODERM - ALIMENTARY TRACT, LIVER, PANCREAS, GASTRIC GLANDS, INTESTINAL GLANDS • ENDOCRINE GLANDS - LOSE CONNECTION WITH SURFACE ENDODERM ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF EPITHELIUM ECTODERM - EPIDERMIS OF SKIN AND EPITHELIUM OF ECTODERM CORNEA TOGETHER COVERS THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF THE BODY; SEBACEOUS AND MAMMARY GLANDS ENDODERM - ALIMENTARY TRACT, LIVER, PANCREAS, GASTRIC GLANDS, INTESTINAL GLANDS • ENDOCRINE GLANDS - LOSE CONNECTION WITH SURFACE MESODERM MESODERM • ENDOTHELIUM - LINING OF BLOOD VESSELS • MESOTHELIUM - LINING SEROUS CAVITIES ENDODERM CONNECTIVE TISSUE CLASSIFICATION from the mesoderm mesoderm gin of glands 454 Liver - vein liver Liver LIVER FUNCTION - LARGEST GLAND EXOCRINE - BILE ACIDS, BILIRUBIN ENDOCRINE ALBUMIN, FIBRINOGEN, ETC. LIVER FUNCTIONS BLOOD FILTRATION 1.2 X 107 KUPFFER CELLS/G BLOOD STORAGE - LIVER SIZE AND SINUSOIDS EXPAND MAINTAIN NORMAL BLOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS METABOLISM AND TRANSPORT OF LIPIDS SECRETE PLASMA PROTEINS - BLOOD CLOTTING NUTRITIONAL METABOLISM AND BILE SECRETION DRUG METABOLISM - SER DRUG TOLERANCE EXCRETION OF BILIRUBIN - JAUNDICE SECRETE BILE - EMULSIFYING FATS LIVER LOBULE PORTAL TRIAD BLOOD SUPPLY LIVER LOBULE PORTAL TRIAD BLOOD SUPPLY CENTRAL VEIN HEPATIC SINUSOIDES LIVER LOBULE PORTAL TRIAD BLOOD SUPPLY CENTRAL VEIN HEPATIC SINUSOIDES ZONATION OF THE LIVER Central vein in center Classical lobule in the pig who has separating connective tissue liver liver Acinus with portal vein and artery in center ZONATION OF THE LIVER 1. Classical lobule Acinus with portal vein and artery in center ZONATION OF THE LIVER 1. Classical lobule Portal lobule with triad in center Acinus with portal vein and artery in center ZONATION OF THE LIVER 1. Classical lobule Portal lobule with triad in center Acinus layers between two central veins ZONATION OF THE LIVER Classical lobule Portal lobule with triad in center Acinus with portal vein and artery in center CELLS OF THE LIVER LOBULE HEPATOCYTE B. KUPFFER AND FAT-STORING CELLS C. ENDOTHELIAL CELL A. CELLS OF THE LIVER LOBULE HEPATOCYTE B. KUPFFER AND FAT-STORING CELLS C. ENDOTHELIAL CELL A. HEPATOCYTE CELLS OF THE LIVER LOBULE HEPATOCYTE B. KUPFFER AND FAT-STORING CELLS C. ENDOTHELIAL CELL A. HEPATOCYTE KUPFFER CELLS CELLS OF THE LIVER LOBULE HEPATOCYTE B. KUPFFER AND FAT-STORING CELLS C. ENDOTHELIAL CELL A. HEPATOCYTE KUPFFER CELLS ENDOTHELIAL CELL CELLS OF THE LIVER LOBULE HEPATOCYTE B. KUPFFER CELLS C. ENDOTHELIAL CELL A. Liver Liver HEPATOCYTE HEPATOCYTE Histological reaction for peroxidase HEPATOCYTE HEPATOCYTE SPACE OF DISSE BILE CANALICULI SPACE OF DISSE Sugar and protein Sugar and protein Glycogen in hepatocytes Dietary differences in amount of glycogen in hepatocytes 2-hour fast (8.2% glycogen) 24-hour fast (0.9% glycogen) BILE CANALICULI diseases SURFACE SPECIALIZATIONS OF EPITHELIA TRANSCYTOSIS TO GET ANTIBODIES INTO SECRETIONS Bile canaliculus Four + compounds that are deposited/secreted into this space. a. Cholesterol b. EGF c. insulin d. IgA also bile salts and BILIRUBIN BILE CANALICULI BILE duct GALLBLADDER & BILE DUCTS FUNCTION BILIARY TRACT ORGANIZATION OF GALLBLADDER EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE HISTOPHYSIOLOGY SALIVARY GLANDS FUNCTION HISTOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ACINUS = FUNCTIONAL UNIT SEROUS MUCOUS MIXED ACINUS = FUNCTIONAL UNIT SEROUS MUCOUS SALIVA HELPS PREVENTS INFECTIONS CONTAINS SECRETED IGA SALIVA HELPS PREVENTS INFECTIONS CONTAINS SECRETED IGA CONTAINS LACTOFERIN - BIND UP IRON NEEDED FOR BACTERIA DIVISION SALIVA HELPS PREVENTS INFECTIONS CONTAINS SECRETED IGA CONTAINS LACTOFERIN - BIND UP IRON NEEDED FOR BACTERIA DIVISION CONTAINS LYSOSOME THAT KILLS BACTERIA SALIVA HELPS PREVENTS INFECTIONS CONTAINS SECRETED IGA CONTAINS LACTOFERIN - BIND UP IRON NEEDED FOR BACTERIA DIVISION CONTAINS LYSOSOME THAT KILLS BACTERIA CONSTANTLY WASHES MOUTH TO DISLODGE AND SWEEP BACTERIA DOWN GI TRACT ACINUS = FUNCTIONAL UNIT SEROUS MUCOUS MIXED DUCTS OF SALIVARY GLANDS INTERCALATED STRIATED PANCREAS FUNCTION 1. EXOCRINE 2. ENDOCRINE HISTOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION, EXOCRINE PORTION 1. ACINI 2. DUCTS ENDOCRINE PORTION • ISLETS OF LANGERHANS HISTOPHYSIOLOGY 34218

Digestive System II Accessory Digestive Organs

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