University:
Texas A&M University
Course:
BIOL 319 | Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Academic year:

2020
Views:

96

Pages:

95
Author:

teespagmaxrtf

Endocrine System continued Influence of growth hormone deficiency Endocrine system Pituitary gland Adrenal gland Thyroid gland Melanocyte stimulating hormone secreted by the pars intermedia Slide 31: Thin Skin (scalp) Sun from NASA Stratum corneum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Melanin capping of nuclei This time continue on with the adrenal gland and other organs as well as present some research on application of the endocrine system. Adrenal (from “ad” = near and “ren” = kidney) Adrenal Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Physiological significance Adrenal gland microanatomy Adrenal cortex - Zona Glomerulosa Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) - Zona Fasciculata Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) - Zona Reticularis (e.g., androgens) Adrenal medulla Chromaffin cells Regulation of secretion Adrenal Cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Adrenal Cortex Zona Glomerulosa Zona Fasciculata Zona Reticularis Size varies with age Adrenal Cortex Zona Glomerulosa Adrenal Cortex Zona Fasciculata Adrenal Cortex Zona Reticularis Human fetal adrenal cortical cell with lots of SER and large spherical mitochondria with tubular cristae Human adult adrenal cortical cell with lots of SER, large mitochondria with tubular cristae, and accumulation of lipofuscin Adrenal function Limbic system = group of interconnected deep brain structures, common in mammals, involved in olfaction, emotion, motivation, behavior, and various autonomic functions. Adrenal function: blood pressure Slow but sustained effect on blood pressure Quick effect on blood pressure is by vasoconstriction of angiotensin II Adrenal Function Aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption in: – – – – distal tubule of kidney gastric mucosa salivary glands sweat glands Cortisol – – – – – anti-inflammatory effects stabilizes lysomsomal membranes causes atrophy of lymphoid tissues throughout body decreases # of circulating lymphocytes Releases of Neurons Releases of neurons associated with the adrenals (both direct and indirect) Releases of Neurons Adrenal function Adrenal capsule Zona Glomerulosa Zona Fasiculata Zona Reticularis Adrenal medulla Adrenal medulla Adrenal -cortex and medulla cortex medulla Adrenal - central vein Adrenal gland Cortex Medulla Zona reticularis Zona Zona fasciculata glomerulosa The cortex is regulated by pituitary adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH). Capsule Adrenal gland Trabeculae of cortex Sinusoidal blood channels Chromaffin cells of medulla Lipid droplets are abundant in these steroid-secreting cells. Cholesterol precursors for steroid hormones are stored in lipid droplets. Also SER would be abundant in these cells to provide the enzymes for steroid production. Blood Supply Sinusoids, Medullary Arteries, Adrenal Vein Blood Supply Sinusoids, Medullary Arteries, Adrenal Vein Zona Glomerulosa Zona Fasiculata Zona Reticularis Adrenal -cortex and medulla Central adrenal vein medulla cortex Chromaffin cells Adrenal -cortex and medulla Chromaffin cells are basophilic Sinusoids ZONA GLOMERULOSA ZONA RETICULARIS ZONA FASCICULATA Endocrine Secretions Stored in granules Stored extracellularly Immediate release with no storage Pituitary Protein in cell Thyroid Thyroglobulin outside cell in follicle Adrenal Steroids pass through cell The Endocrine Pancreas Islets of Langerhans The Endocrine Pancreas Islets of Langerhans Beta cells produce insulin ( regulation of glucose uptake of cells) Alpha cells produce glucagon Delta cells produce somatostatin 78 Pancreas - Islets of Langerhans Islet cells Pancreatic acinar cells Pancreas monkey Islet cells Pancreatic acinar cells 252 Rat pancreas Pancreatic acinar cells Islet cells Sinusoids Blood vessels Variations in the Microvasculature Common: Arteriole  Capillary  Venule Venous Portal System: Capillary  Portal Vein  Capillary ?) ( Endocrine Example Arterial Portal System: Capillary  Portal Arteriole  Capillary ( Endocrine Example ?) Venous Portal System Into the first capillary network First capillary network of the venous PORTAL SYSTEM modifies blood composition with releasing hormones / Second capillary network uses the modified blood composition with releasing hormones to stimulate production and release of hormones from cells in pars distalis Second capillary network (1 st CAPILLARY in hypothalamus) PORTAL VEIN In stalk 490 Human pituitary 2 nd CAPILLARY Pars distalis Pars distalis VENOUS PORTAL SYSTEM ISLETS of Langerhans First capillary network of the ARTERIAL PORTAL SYSTEM modifies blood composition with insulin / glucagon First capillary network Second capillary network Second capillary network uses the modified blood composition with insulin (+) / glucagon (-) to regulate acinar cell protein enzyme production First capillary network These arterial portal systems (locally connecting the islets with surrounding acinar cells) are the reason why the islets are distributed throughout the pancreas. Second capillary network First capillary network These arterial portal systems (locally connecting the islets with surrounding acinar cells) are the reason why the islets are distributed throughout the pancreas. Second capillary network Ductless gland - endocrine Gland with ducts - exocrine Islets of Langerhans stained with aldehyde-fuchsin, which selectively stains secretory granules of insulin-secreting Beta cells Rat pancreas Alpha cells are generally on the border of islets of Langerhans and Beta cells are located more centrally in the islets. Alpha cells Beta cells Immunocytochemistry with antibodies against hormones of the alpha and beta cells. Islet cells Pineal Gland Pineal Gland Pineal Gland PINEAL BODY ( Human Pineal) Connective tissue capsule Sand granules (brain sand) Pinealocytes 19680 Rich vascular supply Leydig cells Seminerious tubules 293 Leydig cells 165 Leydig cells the rich vascular supply Seminerious tubules Tubular cristae in mitochondria nucleus SER RER Follicle Corpus Luteum EM 24 In summary Endocrine System Worksheet Hormone Source Target(s) Action(s) GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) Hypothalamus Adenohypophyisis (anterior pituitary) Stimulates the release of both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone) Hypothalamus Adenohypophyisis (anterior pituitary) Stimulates the release of thyrotropin (TSH) CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone) Hypothalamus Adenohypophyisis (anterior pituitary) • • GH (Growth hormone) Adenohypophyisis (anterior pituitary; acidophils) Muscle, adipose tissue, bone (whole body effects) • • • Stimulates synthesis of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) Stimulates release of both b-lipotropin (b-LPH) and corticotropin (ACTH) Stimulates cellular metabolism, uptake of AA, and protein synthesis. Stimulates growth in epiphyseal plates of long bones via insulin- like growth factors (IGFs) produced in liver. Increases growth of skeletal muscle and increases release of FA from adipose cells for energy production by body cells Endocrine System Worksheet Hormone Source Target(s) Action(s) PRL (Prolactin) Adenohypophyisis (anterior pituitary; acidophils) Mammary glands Promotes milk secretion ACTH (Adrenal corticotropin) Adenohypophyisis (anterior pituitary; basophils) Adrenal cortex Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones TSH (Thyrotropin) Adenohypophyisis (anterior pituitary; basophils) Thyroid Stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis, storage, and liberation FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) Adenohypophyisis (anterior pituitary; basophils) Testis / Ovaries • • MSH (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone) Intermediate lobe of pituitary (pars intermedia) Melanocytes of skin Promotes production of melanin resulting in darkening of the skin ADH (Vasopressin/ antidiuretic hormone) Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) Kidney Increases water permeability of renal collecting ducts Promotes spermatogenesis in men Promotes ovarian follicle development and estrogen secretion in women Endocrine System Worksheet Hormone Source Target(s) Action(s) Melatonin Pineal gland Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and other endocrine tissues Maintains circadium rhythm of physological functions and behaviors. Aldosterone Adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) Kidney • • Cortisol Adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata) Liver, immune system, lipids, muscle, cells of body • • • • Catecholamines (Norepinephrine. Epinephrine) Adrenal medulla Nervous system and circulatory system • • • • • • Thyroglobulin Thyroid Cells of body • • Stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules. Major regulator of salt balance Involved in stress response Increases circulating blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis in many cells and glycogen synthesis in the liver Induces fat mobilization and muscle proteolysis Suppresses many immune functions Released during intense emotional reactions (such as fright) 80% catecholamines released from adrenal is epinephrine Increased blood pressure Vasoconstriction Changes in heart rate Elevated blood glucose levels Precursor for active thyroid hormones (T 4 and T3) Controls basal metabolic rate in cells throughout the body Endocrine System Worksheet Hormone Source Target(s) Action(s) Calcitonin Thyroid (Parafollicular cells) Osteoclasts in bone • • Triggered by elevated blood Ca2+ Inhibits osteoclast activity PTH (Parathyroid hormone) Parathyroid • • • Stimulates osteoblasts to produce osteoclast-stimulating factor that increases the number and activity of osteoclasts Stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules of renal cortex Increases Ca2+ absorption in the small intestine by stimulating vitamin D activation • Osteoblasts Distal convoluted tubules of renal cortex Small intestine • • Glucagon Pancreatic islets (alpha cells) Liver, muscle, and adipose cells • • Elevates blood glucose levels Accelerates conversion of glycogen, AA, and FA in the liver cells into glucose, which is then released into bloodstream Insulin Pancreatic islets (beta cells) Liver, muscle, and adipose cells • • Lowers blood glucose levels Accelerates membrane transport of glucose into liver cells, muscle cells, and adipose cells Accelerates conversion of glucose into glycogen in liver cells • This time continue with research application of the endocrine system Rat Intact rat has 24 X 2 testes = 48 million Sertoli cells total 48 48 Aging study Physiological blood levels of hormones - Glucose 10 -2 molar - Steroid 10 -9 molar - Peptide 10 -12 molar Growth hormone (blood levels) - 10 -13 molar = Dwarf - 10 -11 molar = Giant Effects of the Endocrine system Effects of the Endocrine system

Endocrine System Continued

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