Introduction to Drugs in Pharmacology

Introduction to Drugs in Pharmacology INTRODUCTION Background Medicines are one of the main and first elements in pharmacology, apart from that, medicines are also an inseparable element of health services. In health services, starting from prevention, diagnosis, treatment and recovery, medicine is one of the main components that must always be available and cannot be replaced in health services. Therefore, drugs are defined as substances used in the prevention and cure of disease as well as the restoration and improvement of health for its users. Medicine is a substance or combination of substances, including biological products, which are used to influence or investigate physiological systems or pathological conditions in the context of diagnosis, prevention, healing, recovery, health improvement and contraception for humans. Drugs can be divided into 4 (four) groups, namely: Over-the-counter Drugs, Limited Over-the-Counter Drugs, Hard Drugs and Psychotropic and Narcotic Drugs. Currently, many people don't knowTypes of Medicines, Names of Medicines, Chemical Names of Medicines, Trademarks of Medicines, this is because people only know about medicines given by health workers for healing or improving health, without knowing the actual classification of these medicines. Apart from that, doctors also often give non-generic prescriptions to patients as options for treatment. Therefore, the author wrote a paper entitled "Introduction to Drugs in Pharmacology” which will discussTypes of Medicines, Names of Medicines, medicines that meet standards, Trademarks of Medicines so that people do not become victims because they do not know which medicines are good or safe and people do not become victims of buying medicines in drug shops that do not have a business license and other medicines. the medicine is also illegal. Formulation of the problem From the description of the problem background above, several problem formulations can be drawn as follows What is meant by medicine? What types of medicine are included? What is the explanation of patented drugs, generic drugs and trade name drugs? What is meant by standardized medicine? Writing purpose Know the meaning of medication clearly. As knowledge to find out the types of drugs circulating in pharmacology. Understand the meaning of patented drugs, generic drugs and trade name drugs. Understand how important high standard medicines are. CHAPTER II DISCUSSION Understanding Drugs Medicine is an important element in health services. Starting from prevention, diagnosis, treatment and recovery, medicine is one of the main components that must always be available and irreplaceable in health services. But on the other hand, drugs can be detrimental to health if they do not meet the requirements, if they are used inappropriately or if they are misused. The definition of medicine according to Anief (1997), medicine is a substance or mixture of substances which is intended to be used to diagnose, prevent, reduce, eliminate, cure disease or symptoms of disease, injury or physical or spiritual disorders in humans or animals, including beautifying the body or parts. human body. Even though medicine's main goal is to cure disease, there are still many people who suffer from drug poisoning. Therefore, it can be said that drugs can act as medicine and can also act as poison. A medicine will act as a medicine when we use the medicine correctly in the treatment of a disease at the right dose and at the right time. So, if we abuse drugs in treatment or with excessive doses, it will cause detrimental effects or what we usually call poisoning. Types of Medicine It is important to know that medicine is an object or substance that is useful for treating disease, relieving/eliminating symptoms of pain, which can change chemical processes in the body. The quality and quantity of medicines may have been widely felt by the public because the benefits of medicines for health and welfare that have been felt by the community have greatly contributed to achieving the level of health that the government wants to achieve. Apart from the benefits of medicine, medicine also aims to relieve pain, relieve pain, or prevent disease in humans or animals. Types of drugs are generally differentiated based on provisions, which here are differentiated based on the classification criteria, such as physiological basis, processes in the body or biochemistry, drug supply, regulations governing drugs, performance/mechanism of drugs, instructions for using drugs, benefits and uses of drugs. This drug classification consists of over-the-counter drugs, limited over-the-counter drugs, mandatory pharmacy drugs, monkey drugs, and narcotic psychotropics. Over-the-counter drugs, namely drugs that are sold freely on the market and can be purchased without a doctor's prescription. This drug is classified as the safest drug, it can be purchased without a prescription at pharmacies and is even sold in stalls. Over-the-counter medications are usually used to treat and relieve symptoms of disease. The special sign for over-the-counter drugs is a green circle with a black outline. Examples: rivanol, paracetamol tablets, salicyl powder, multivitamins. Limited over-the-counter medicines are a class of medicines that are safe to consume in certain amounts but if too much can cause dangerous effects. This drug was previously classified as a W drug list. A doctor's prescription is not required to buy over-the-counter drugs. Symbolized by a blue circle with black edges. Usually limited over-the-counter medicines have warnings on the packaging as follows: P No. 1: Watch out! Potent drug. Read the rules, wear it swallowed P No. 2: Watch out! Potent drug. Gargle only, do not swallow P No. 3: Watch out! Potent drug. for external use only P No. 5: Watch out! Potent drug. Not to be taken internally P No. 6: Watch out! Potent drug. Hemorrhoid medicine, don't swallow it. Examples: anti-drunk medicine such as antimo, anti-flu medicine such as noza, decolgen, etc. Compulsory pharmacy drugs are hard drugs that can be delivered by the pharmacist managing the pharmacy without a doctor's prescription. The aim of mandatory pharmacy medicines is to increase people's ability to help themselves so as to create a culture of appropriate, safe and rational self-medication Hard drugs are dangerous drugs so their use must be under the supervision of a doctor and drugs can only be obtained from pharmacies, health centers and other health service facilities such as medical centers and clinics using a doctor's prescription. This drug has a strong effect so that if used carelessly it can make the disease worse and even cause death. Hard drugs were previously referred to as list G drugs. Hard drugs are marked with a red circle with black edges in the middle containing the letter "K" in black. Examples: antibiotics such as amoxicyclin, heart medication, hypertension medication and others. Psychotropics and narcotics. Psychotropics are natural or artificial substances or drugs that have the effect of selectively influencing the central nervous system and causing changes in mental activity and behavior. Psychotropic drugs are still classified as hard drugs so they are symbolized by a red circle with the letter "K" in the middle. Meanwhile, narcotics are drugs derived from plants or non-plants, either synthetic or semi-synthetic, which can cause changes in consciousness ranging from decreased to loss of consciousness, reduce to eliminate pain, and can cause dependence. Narcotics are symbolized by a red circle with a cross (+) in the middle. Apart from classification based on type, I will also discuss drug classification based on the mechanism of action of the drug. The mechanism for drug interactions can occur in several ways, namely pharmaceutical interactions (incompatibility), pharmacokinetic interactions and pharmacodynamic interactions. Pharmaceutical interactions: Pharmaceutical interactions or also called pharmaceutical incompatibilities are direct and can be physical or chemical, for example precipitation, color changes, undetectable (invisible), which then causes the drug to become inactive. This interaction is the first stage which is carried out by changing a type of drug into a liquid/solution phase with the aim of being able to pass through biological membranes. Example: the interaction of carbnicillin with gentamicin occurs inactivation; phenytoin with 5% dextrose solution precipitation occurs; amphotericin B with physiological NaCl solution, precipitation occurs. Pharmacokinetic interactions: Interactions in the pharmacokinetic process, namely absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) can increase or decrease drug plasma levels. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions that occur with one drug cannot be extrapolated (do not apply) to other drugs even though they are still in the same therapeutic class, due to differences in physicochemical properties, which result in different pharmacokinetic properties. This interaction is the second stage that the drug goes through to reach the excretory organs. Usually there are several phases in this stage, namely absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. For example, the pharmacokinetic interaction with cimetidine is not shared by other H2blockers; interactions with terfenadine, aztemizole are not shared by other nonsedative antihistamines. Pharmacodynamic interactions: Pharmacodynamic interactions are interactions between drugs that act on the same receptor system, site of action or physiological system so that additive, synergistic or antagonistic effects occur, without any change in plasma levels or other pharmacokinetic profiles. Pharmacodynamic interactions can generally be extrapolated to other drugs in the same class as the interacting drug, because drug classification is based on its pharmacodynamic effects. This interaction is the last stage that is passed after the second stage, where this final stage will show the results of the performance of the digested drug, such as the effect after consuming the drug depending on the concentration. In addition, generally pharmacodynamic interactions can be predicted so they can be avoided in advance if the mechanism of action of the drug is known(Gitawati, 2008) Classification of drugs based on the mechanism of action of the drug, namely Drugs that work on the cause of disease, for example diseases caused by bacteria or microbes. Example: antibiotics. Drugs that work to prevent pathological conditions from disease. Examples: vaccines and serum. Drugs that relieve symptoms, such as relieving pain. Example: analgesics. Drugs that work to add or replace the functions of substances that are lacking. Example: vitamins and hormones. Giving a placebo is giving a drug that does not contain an active substance, especially to normal patients who think they are sick. Example: Aqua Pro injection and placebo tablets. When using medicines, we often take medicines orally (by mouth), for example: antibiotic tablets, paracetamol, apart from that, we also sometimes use medicines externally, such as medicines that are used topically/outside the body. Examples: sulfur ointment, caladine, etc. The effects that we often feel after taking oral or external drugs are systemic effects, namely effects on the drug or active substance that enter the bloodstream and local effects such as drugs or active substances that only affect/spread/affect certain parts where the drug is located. , such as on the nose, eyes, skin, and others. Classification of drugs based on the origin of the drugs that we consume every day usually comes from medicinal ingredients that come from nature (plants, animals and minerals) such as mushrooms (antibiotics), quinine (quinine), digitalis (cardiac glycosides). From animals: placenta, brain produces rabies serum, collagen. Apart from that, we also consume drugs of synthetic origin, such as making drugs by carrying out chemical reactions, for example, gandapura oil is produced by reacting methanol and salicylic acid. Drug Classification Drug classification usually consists of various things such as Classification or classification of drugs based on type such as OTC (over the counter) drugs, generic drugs, generic drugs with logos, trade name drugs, patent drugs, mitu drugs (metoo drugs), traditional drugs, ready-made drugs, new drugs, essential drugs, and drugs required by pharmacies, but in this paper we will only classify patented drugs, generic drugs and trade name drugs. Reporting from the official website of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, basically there is no difference regarding the manufacture and registration of generic drugs and patented drugs. In fact, the quality, benefits and safety standards of generic and patent medicines are the same. The only difference lies in the branded drugs promoted by the drug manufacturer, where the drug is patented. This makes patent medicines more expensive. Meanwhile, generic drugs are drugs whose patent has expired, so they can be produced by the public (pharmacy) or by the government without having to pay royalties. Generic drugs are drugs that have the same active substance as patented drugs or other branded drugs. Generic drug prices can be cheaper because pharmaceutical companies that produce these drugs do not have to pay royalties for patent rights. So the costs charged are purely production costs for generic drugs. Patent medicines are new types of medicines that pharmaceutical companies have just started producing and marketing. Going through various research, development and clinical trials. Even the packaging looks attractive. This is what makes the price quite expensive. Usually the patent for a drug is 20 years. The price difference is quite large, between patented drugs and generic drugs. It can reach 50 to 200 percent. This is what makes people have their own opinions. Most people think that generic drugs are not branded drugs, so they are not very effective in treating diseases. Meanwhile, branded drugs are drugs with a dosage name determined by the manufacturer and registered with the health department of the country concerned. Trade name drugs are also called registered brand drugs. Examples: amoxan, diafac, pehamoxil, and others. Standard Medicine Medicine is an important component in health services because drug intervention is needed in most disease management efforts. With the right knowledge, we will get maximum benefits from drugs and can minimize all undesirable things that can occur due to inappropriate use of a drug. To meet the qualifications for standardized medicines in accordance with applicable regulations, before being approved for distribution in Indonesia, medicinal products must go through an assessment of efficacy, safety and quality, so that medicines ready for circulation meet these 3 criteria. Drug standardization is not carried out by the POM, but by the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia (FI). Pharmacopoeia will help ensure consumers receive high quality medicines by setting standards so that manufacturers are required to meet these standards to market their products in Indonesia. The standards regulated in the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia include purity and levels of active substances, when and how quickly oral dosage forms of drugs bioavailable (dissolve and absorb) in the body, and labeling and safe use of drugs. Pharmacopoeia is independent, but works very closely with POM and drug companies(Haeria, 2017). We can see standard medicines in the pharmacopoeia book, because the pharmacopoeia is an official book issued by a country which contains standardization, guidance and testing of drug preparations. Now the Pharmacopoeia is a reference standard – a pure, accurate measurement of a drug sample – allowing drug companies to calibrate their analytical equipment and measure manufactured drug samples to ensure accuracy. CHAPTER 3 CLOSING Conclusion The conclusion of this Pharmacy history paper is: According to Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health, medicines are substances or combinations of substances, including biological products that are used to influence or investigate physiological systems or pathological conditions in the context of determining diagnosis, prevention, cure, recovery, health improvement and contraception for humans. The medication consumed will go through certain stages. There are several stages that go through after being digested, including: The pharmaceutical stage is the first stage that involves changing a type of drug into a liquid/solution phase so that it can pass through the biological membrane. The pharmacokinetic stage is the second stage that the drug goes through to reach the excretory organs. Usually there are several phases in this stage, namely the absorption stage, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The pharmacodynamic stage is the last stage that is passed after the second stage, where this final stage will show the results of the performance of the digested drug, such as the effects after consuming the drug depending on the concentration. Generic drugs are drugs that have the same active substance as patented drugs or other branded drugs. Generic drug prices can be cheaper because pharmaceutical companies that produce these drugs do not have to pay royalties for patent rights. So the costs charged are purely production costs for generic drugs. Patent medicines are new types of medicines that pharmaceutical companies have just started producing and marketing. Going through various research, development and clinical trials. Even the packaging looks attractive. This is what makes the price quite expensive. Standardized drug qualifications in accordance with applicable regulations, before being approved for circulation in Indonesia, medicinal products must undergo an assessment of efficacy, safety and quality. Suggestion As the young generation in Indonesia, we are expected to be able to stick to the pharmaceutical guidelines that we have and are expected to be able to use medicines properly, thereby making the pharmaceutical sector in Indonesia even more developed, of course with good quality and quantity. Apart from that, pharmacists or other health workers must also encourage more public health efforts, for example by providing outreach, posters, leaflets and KIE.