Social Development and Peer Relationships (Answer Key)

Question 1 2 out of 2 points Video response. Review the video on, page 307 of your book; from the 3 statements select which one(s) are correct. Statement 1: When considering selective association, gender is a key consideration across cultures, during middle childhood. Statement 2: During middle childhood, girls are more interested in high activity play and boys are more interested in cooperative play; this changes during adolescence. Statement 3: To help child develop appropriate peer relationships, girls and boys should be forced to mix and be introduced to activities that are suitable to both genders. Selected Answer: Statement 1 is correct Question 2 2 out of 2 points Friendship, according to Selman, requires balancing Selected Answer: Intimacy and autonomy. Question 3 0 out of 2 points Which of the following is true with regard to the way coping styles relate to depression? Selected Answer: Distraction serves to block out positive feelings, making the person feel more depressed. Question 4 2 out of 2 points The unique state of instability and anxiety in adolescence, brought on by body changes, emerging sexual needs, hormonal shifts, cognitive changes, and changing maturity demands, is referred to as Selected Answer: Frameworklessness. Question 5 2 out of 2 points Which of the following elements is most closely associated with the concept of the imaginary audience? Selected Answer: extreme self-consciousness Question 6 2 out of 2 points When data are analyzed together from a large number of different studies on the same question, like “are there sex differences in nurturing tendencies,” the report is called a Selected Answer: Meta-analysis. Question 7 2 out of 2 points The term ____________ refers to the description of a person’s attributes, whereas the term ____________ refers to how a person feels about those attributes. Selected Answer: self-concept / self-esteem Question 8 2 out of 2 points Memory is to some degree reconstructed. This accounts for the phenomenon of Selected Answer: False memories. Question 9 2 out of 2 points The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the development of Selected Answer: conscience. Question 10 2 out of 2 points Billy’s babysitter takes him to the park every day where he can play with other preschoolers. When Billy falls or gets hurt, his babysitter soothes him until he feels better. One day Dwayne, another preschool child, falls from the swings. Billy looks concerned and rushes over to help. Then Billy tells his babysitter that Dwayne got hurt. According to research, Billy’s prosocial behavior is strongly related to Billy’s experience of Selected Answer: Empathy and sympathy. Question 11 0 out of 2 points Which of the following most accurately reflects Erikson’s view of identity? Selected Answer: Identity begins to develop in adolescence and must be fully resolved before the next stage of psychosocial development can begin. Question 12 2 out of 2 points Which of the following is a difference between working memory and long-term memory? Selected Answer: Working memory has a limited capacity whereas long-term memory has almost unlimited capacity. Question 13 2 out of 2 points Research indicates that sex role development usually proceeds normally in single parent families as well as in the more traditional dual parent families. These findings are not consistent with predictions from what type of theory about how sex differences develop? Selected Answer: Psychoanalytic (Freudian) theories. Question 14 2 out of 2 points High levels of parental monitoring and control are associated with which of the following outcomes regardless of ethnicity or social class? Selected Answer: Less deviant behavior and drug use among adolescents. Question 15 2 out of 2 points At what age would a young child typically show self-recognition, the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror? Selected Answer: By 18 months Question 16 2 out of 2 points According to research, in middle childhood, academic competence, athletic competence physical appearence , peer acceptance and behavioral conduct are important to the development of selfesteem. Which one of these domains have been proven to be more important that the others? Selected Answer: Physical appearance. Question 17 2 out of 2 points Video response. Review the video on, page 215 of your book; from the 3 statements select which one(s) are correct. Statement 1: The boy is reciting an audio biological memory of the event based on episodic memory. Statement 2: The boy is using schematic representation of the event to form a script. Statement 3: The boy is demonstrating declarative knowledge about facts and events. Selected Answer: Statement 2 is correct Question 18 2 out of 2 points A coping style which has been linked to higher levels of depression among adolescent girls and women is Selected Answer: rumination. Question 19 2 out of 2 points Which of the following parenting styles is most closely associated with positive outcomes in psychosocial development and school achievement for adolescents? Selected Answer: Authoritative Question 20 2 out of 2 points Studies show that formal operational thinking is: Selected Answer: is more common among older adolescents and adults, particularly in domains where they have experience in thinking about abstract concepts. Question 21 2 out of 2 points One factor that promotes self-esteem among minority group members is Selected Answer: A strong and positive racial or ethnic identity. Question 22 2 out of 2 points Experimentation with deviant or risky behaviors (drug use, vandalism, sex, truancy, etc.) in adolescence is Selected Answer: Typical of this age group and can be considered statistically normative. Question 23 2 out of 2 points Which of the following describes a type of influence that parents can have on whether or not their adolescent becomes a member of a particular crowd? Selected Answer: Parents can affect their children’s initial characteristics, which then affect crowd selection. Question 24 2 out of 2 points Which of the following does not contribute to improvements in children’s ability to remember with increasing age? Selected Answer: As children get older they forget previously misunderstood information. Question 25 0 out of 2 points Which of the following is a temperamental characteristic that is associated with prosocial behavior? Selected Answer: Intelligence. Question 26 2 out of 2 points Recent research on the self-system supports the idea that the self is ____________ in nature. Selected Answer: multidimensional Question 27 2 out of 2 points Schulman (2002) defines morality as composed of three interlocking systems, including Selected Answer: Empathy, identification with moral others, and standards of right and wrong. Question 28 2 out of 2 points Pubertal processes begin when certain changes occur in the endocrine system. Which of the following explains the beginning of this process? Selected Answer: The pituitary begins to stimulate other glands to release hormones into the bloodstream. Question 29 2 out of 2 points Which of the following statements is FALSE with respect to the moral self: Selected Moral development and religious experience are equivalent, in order to develop Answer: morally, own must have a religious afÏliation. Question 30 2 out of 2 points What is the “two-pronged approach” to helping adolescents with their behavioral, social, or academic problems? Selected Answer: A focus on reducing risk factors while also enhancing protective factors. Question 31 2 out of 2 points When Sammy had to learn the names of all the planets, as well as their relative sizes, he made up sentences to help him create meaningful links between the concepts. For example, “Eartha ate the Mars candy bar” helped him remember that Earth is larger than Mars. Sammy was using a memory strategy called Selected Answer: Elaboration. Question 32 2 out of 2 points Piaget’s description of the differences between preoperational thought (characteristic of preschool aged children) and concrete operational thought (characteristic of elementary school aged children), includes which of the following? Selected Answer: Preoperational thought is centered, but concrete operational thought is decentered. Question 33 2 out of 2 points Which of the following is a well-documented gender difference in brain structure? Selected Answer: Male brains are more lateralized than female brains. Question 34 2 out of 2 points Self-esteem has been mistakenly touted as the “holy grail” of mental health, and this has meant that Selected Answer: Many preventive and remedial efforts have focused directly on improving low self-esteem. Question 35 0 out of 2 points Biological females with two X chromosomes are sometimes born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which causes their external genitalia to appear more like those of a male. They may be misidentified at birth and raised as males. If the correct identification is not made before age 3, physicians often advise parents to continue raising the child as a boy, because the child’s gender identity may be difÏcult to change after age 3. The experiences of CAH girls and other gender atypical children have helped demonstrate that Selected Answer: Genes are the most powerful influence on gender identity. Question 36 0 out of 2 points Beliefs about sex differences sometimes are supported by research and sometimes are not. Which of the following gender stereotypes is not supported by research? Selected Answer: Sex differences are usually small, with lots of overlap between the sexes. Question 37 2 out of 2 points According to Crittendon’s model, infants encode early experiences of care-giving in the form of Selected Answer: procedural memories. Question 38 0 out of 2 points Which of the following emotions develops only after a child has a mental representation of him or herself as a separate person? Selected Answer: Anger Question 39 0 out of 2 points Video response. Review the video on, page 261 of your book; from the 3 statements select which one(s) are correct. Statement 1: The two younger children demonstrated preconventional morality, and the two older children demonstrated conventional morality. Statement 2: The two younger children were mostly concerned with the consequences of the behavior whereas the two older children were able to consider intentions. Statement 3: All four children demonstrated preconventional morality. Selected Answer: Statement 1 is correct. Question 40 2 out of 2 points When Marla, age 14, decides that she is a good writer because she gets better grades than her friend Jenna on stories she writes for English, she is demonstrating the use of ____________ as part of identity formation. Selected Answer: Social comparison with peers Question 41 2 out of 2 points Annette is a warm and affectionate mother to her sons, Jason and Keith. When she comes home from her job, she likes to spend time playing with them, preparing their favorite foods, and watching TV with them. She describes herself as a “soft touch” when it comes to her children. Lately she has been hearing complaints about 6-year-old Jason’s behavior in school. Annette thinks the teacher is being too hard on her son. She does not want anything to affect the good relationship she has with her children. Which style best describes Annette’s parenting? Selected Answer: Permissive. Question 42 0 out of 2 points Video response. Review the video on, page 173 of your book; from the 3 statements select which one(s) are correct. Statement 1: the video demonstrates that self-recognitions is a fluid characteristic and can occur at any time in a child’s development. Statement 2: The video demonstrates that the emergence of self-awareness and self-concept are psychosocial processes, not related to cognitive development. Statement 3: the video demonstrates the emergence of self-recognition in children; typically, child gain objective self-awareness around 15 months old. Selected Answer: Statement 1 is correct. Question 43 2 out of 2 points Which of the following is a critical element that underlies the development of self-control? Selected Answer: Emotion regulation. Question 44 2 out of 2 points Males are less likely to survive than females, both before and after birth. One important reason is that Selected Answer: Males are more vulnerable to disorders caused by X-linked recessive alleles than females. Question 45 0 out of 2 points A cognitive change during middle childhood that is characterized by improved declarative, procedural, and conditional knowledge is know as Selected Answer: Long-term memory. Question 46 0 out of 2 points Video response. Review the video on, page 386 of your book; from the 3 statements select which one(s) are correct. Statement 1: The video suggests that the media does apply peer pressure to adolescents to dress and act according popular trends. Statement 2: The video suggests that text messaging is the most popular form of communication and even increases responses to parents. Statement 3: The video suggests that there are both positive and negative influences of social media on adolescents. Selected Answer: Statement 1 & 2 are correct Question 47 2 out of 2 points Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to the onset of menarche? Selected Answer: Girls who are very athletic are likely to have earlier onset of menarche. Question 48 2 out of 2 points The ability to restrain or redirect a strong impulse in order to perform a less-preferred response is called Selected Answer: Effortful control Question 49 2 out of 2 points Stanley is 7 years old. His parents are quite concerned about his school progress. Although he has begun to learn to read, he reverses some letters when he writes. Based on research, Stanley’s school counselor should tell his parents that Selected Answer: Brain development can be quite uneven in childhood and as a result, it is not unusual for children to show poor performance in isolated skills. Question 50 2 out of 2 points One gender-related characteristic of peer evaluations is that Selected Answer: Boys are more likely than girls to be rejected for behaving in gender-inconsistent ways.