HIV Gene Rep

HIV HIV retrovirus - e at all retroviruses ⇒ a high rate RNH→DNA→RNA . ÷!!!"+mn÷µ?÷I÷Én(nd retrovirTTcreatesDT_AmTro_RAtocreatem@reRNAcopy.n polymerase → - Use > Most DNA polymerase - ↳ • error rate - ( DNA transcriptase instead of DNA reverse Retrovirus organism material ( replication) ( transcription ) genetic material genetic y DNA copy . Reverse Transcriptase High RNA - rate error ] genetic has material f . f Replication More prone RNA error no genetic of prone DNA copy Error ( translation) t reverse than DNA . transcription proofread DNA RIVA) . material material genetic #meat protein . t Replication why * A • • • • does HN HIV exist High in large . number mutation rates creates . 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Cure AZT . thymidine mimic AZT is similar to very inhibits and reverse thymidine transcriptase . . transcriptionisttranscriptase insteadofthymidine.IN/tsynthesiscannotcontinue.- • • During reverse * The AZT • Mutation cure ↳ Takes doses-notworanym.es randomly occurs grab onto AZT HIV 's since mututionrateisveryhyh.fr . = AZT ↳ Does not would take µzy ] - Both have mutation - mutation ah"" HAPP"'T distinguish Azt and thymidine . t only traits with AZT resistance are able to survive and reproduce . when drug population introduced selection of virus . pressure on the Evolution • . • • • of mutation produces not virions from passed resistance all ✓irons IF presence resistance drug of . that vary parents to drug resistance offspring ( heritability) in . . = reproduce ( struggle for assistance ) than drug resistance forms are morelikely-tpr.de . . susceptibefrm . , ( certainty favored) viralpopulationchanyesoverti.me# Resistance to one-day is inevitable to many are es cocktail Drug ⇒ . . less likely that resistant to all Human also evolve CCR5-032 * HN still → * CCR5-032 white - HIV resistance hand because high mutation , , why . distributed this Selectively ( smallpox , - • • • : Evolution evolution could be even non in - very - natural . such as . and variation selection . evolutionary history human Chance (random) . fast as an e¥É , and as in plunge ) livinythihyscane.ro#- mutation - favored action HIV evolution involves themes - . cell immune . way ? selection imposed by HIV . Summary time large population fast generation the product of evolution . , IV. Europe history . during would be drugs . upper in . virions historical epidemic . . Genome structure The amount of DNA one in genome called is ' C One not does value C- mean = C- value - - - - - Ploidity distributed is - - - - - set of one over - - - refers to the number of sets - - of - enigma paradox is How much DNA . is . in one set of chromosome - - - - chromosome value c- value - - c- → . chromosome - - - . . of the complexity organism - - - Variation ' ↳ measuredinbaeub) million bases The and . - - - 3 sets of chromosome *A chromosome is packaged ⇒ - - 3h chromatin : DNA -1 protein . ""i ?⃝ each chromatid chromosome is one . molecule of dsDNA . Human mid • sequence : of Hmos-11 entire genome - 55.1 lot lot of several - about 2010s • Project from DNA Working draft compiled 2000s Individual sequences of Craig 2000 • genome Lots of . transposes . Han Chinese of sequences few viruses , and " , and donors . Watson Netherthat , unborn fetus James . Korean , Yoruba, Bantu , , dead anonimous " gene Introns ( Tunks ) Essential ( 2% coding ) Unknown (likely Junk) . - . - 25% Individual - Venter . Summary • n= Chromosomeriumber • - very ☐ - . %beteen diploid two copies ↳ 23 haploid Ploidity When copies one = number of a of each Composed What are C values . 2n ) 1h of chromosome ( micro organisms sets of cell or species there is a . . . two identical copies of chromosome (sister chromatids) of ? DNA-pro-teinmpex.TK proteins stablize DNA chromosome of in chromosome composed of two chromatids ? , is nil and of chromosome (most eukaryotes) ) chromosome (46 chromosome type chromosome pet-diideinmi-s.is what type of each different pairs of = is complexity . lots of variation group have taxonomic = individual of genome makes little the composed three interrelated system , assist in package DNA during cell division that contribute to the eukaryotic cell . . . Genome nothing ↳ complete string a of A , T , other than genome to derive Once • simply is sequence of sequence size . . determined is genome a letters G, C to functionally important features in Protein coding gene rRNA snRNA annotation: identifies . - • Non • - Regulatory • RNA coding gene sequence tRNA : replication of • DNA • • by Annotation performed : . . , and viruses similar to genes pseudogenes UTRs ) short tandem repeats : miRNA . associated with gene Origin Transposable elements • , , , the genome researchers , in . freiuently repeat : related to them the genes but mutations have changed sequence after another one field of bioinformatics The sp_a mRNA sthÉn start with AUG_ Ends with VIG.V-AA.ua/tof adequate of three nucleotide multiples ' and * so no functional produce product . . . ehÉ ⇒ OR F- with more than 100 Open reading frame CORF) protein coding genes codon = . • • stretch an The search • is complicated because DNA could be . . length . . template for given gene GUG ( valine) codon alternative start Prokaryotes may use exist in prokaryotes and-eukar.io/es ↳ Some rareÉr indbyÉ. These are Either of two . UUGCleuc.in# or . • • Eukaryote Each DNA ↳ ORF ORFs have in any six toundinpre-mRNA-sencodedbytheD.lv/ttempla-# are reading of these frames ( 3 . on . each) . Seems where ORF in the top strand starts ( 5. → 3 ) to be used * Impossible for ORF the ATG ' . template for transcription ↳ RNA 3. i. ↳ ' ORF non - read polymerase 5 only as . template DNA in ' → is . not on top strand template strand ☐ reiffered to coding strand . protein coding ORF genes usually ex) some algorithm Eukaryotic • Computer identification • ↳ experiment uses Blood exl There /Fetal Hemoglobin : that orthologous are chromosomes DNA passed from parents are Original through cluster of p can - oxygen → oxygenation mutation (different oxygen affinities ) bind → . . creates variety of hemoglobin essentially the that offspring to - better collect oxygen from their mother babies . same . eventually d into ditterentspecies duplication within genome hemoglobin comparable between human and chimpanzees . between non-homologous for other to crossover that so new alleles combinations are occur . can occur arm chromosome could occur . stabilize the chiasma . increase sememe copy frequency of aberrant throughout of gene, 's gene undergo nature diverging positive effect crossover the genome could trick experiment on organism an incorrect crossover event . can . for oxygen on between each crossover within chromosome backup creates arise crossover identical DNA genes instructions should be identical sequence Transposable element → . . . affinity → oxygen -1 it similar DNA sequence → higher have gestation during time refers to Genes that homologous → used genetic homologouschromosomesi @bcou1dbeditferenTaees.bu Genes : [ * Crossover • in results - * Sometimes [ . differentiation through mutation have different binding affinity genes : paralogs - error duplication These hemoglobin different expressed at Orthologs ↳ slight affinity to duplication of DNA created protein with gene and Homologous * should be and introns and eukaryotic sequences . Em dry otic * identifying exons . Further • algorithm sophisticated → more . at muscle • • good recombination possible • have introns are function in simpler systems and connecting them to gene/protein sequence that have specific genes → knock out gene to searched identity genes in other organisms databases that can be globin anees trial prokaryotic cell in organisms compile * We simple is be retained through natural selection . . formed . . The duplicate copy The two genes no ↳ Otten, If both Mutation • • of loss ↳ one gene are have genes functionally biological functionality the redundant of remain protein coding redundant , meaning that same one original as seinen ce fold . eliminated from genome be . copy functional, evolve is mutated into pseudogenes, slowly in different ways or lost by deletion . different mutation in regulatory occurs in each gone system may change how each duplicate gene is regulated change the functional properties of the protein produced by each gene many generations this evolutionary process can produce two puraloyous gene with similar but distinct function in mutation genes Over of . . can . , . originated ancestral genome of oryanismsthatlived.mil#nyearsayo of different present day organisms to trace back evolutionary history by com pairing genomes ancient organisms in ↳ know when genes first appeared overtime ↳ describe how they changed evolve in first place Genes in Able present day genomes . . new . ↳ What molecular process caused new found genomic shown some genes are tore transcription and pr◦teinsynth Comparative genes • . < • * genes to . the genome of almost all present day genome in . , genes for for genes most some subunit RNA polymerase manyo-t-hep-e.ttmake up part of the structure ami-a-y-E-ase-tha-nm-a-HE-RAT.decute The protein coded for by these not genes = . onlype-rtrmimilar-f.in in every organism . → related evolutionary trucedbacktosinyk.ee/ledtYPe--Em ↳ All the genes in the genomes of all contemporary organisms sometimes referred to LUCA . can be . Genomic replication DNA structure polari-kionDNAbackbones.ae has A distinct • 3 • Replication ' and 5 ' end confers has free is semi - conservative incommi-yndetideat-t-hest.si end Replication " thyyqp(0H phosphate ' 5 ' 3 bubble prokaryotes arise from two " forks . " created at one origin