University:
The University Of Western Ontario
Course:
Biology 2290F | Scientific Method in Biology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

346

Pages:

4
Author:

Kyuwon J.

Kinesiology ● Understanding muscles and joints is essential for professionals in: ○ Athletic training ○ Physical therapy ○ Massage therapy ○ Sports medicine ○ Strength and conditioning ○ Coaching and personal training ● Over 600 muscles in the human body ● responsible for movement. ● Smaller muscles ○ E.g., ■ in hands, ■ Feet ■ spinal column Reference Positions Two common reference positions are used to describe movement and location of body parts: 1. Anatomical Position ○ Standing upright, feet parallel, facing forward. ○ Arms at sides, palms facing forward. 2. Fundamental Position ○ Similar to anatomical position, except palms face the body instead of forward. Reference Lines Imaginary reference lines help in describing location of body parts in relation to one another: ● Mid-axillary Line: ○ Runs vertically down from the apex of the armpit. ● Anterior Axillary Line: ○ Runs parallel to mid-axillary line through the front of the armpit. ● Posterior Axillary Line: ○ Runs parallel to mid-axillary line through the back of the armpit. ● Mid-Clavicular Line: ○ Runs vertically through the center of the clavicle. ● Mid-Inguinal Point: ○ Midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis. Directional Terminology Used to describe the position of one body part relative to another. General Terms ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Superior (Cephalic): Above Inferior (Caudal): Below Anterior (Ventral): In front Posterior (Dorsal): Behind Medial: Towards the midline Lateral: Away from the midline Proximal: Closer to the trunk or point of attachment Distal: Farther from the trunk or point of attachment Superficial: Near the surface Deep: Beneath the surface Directional Combinations ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Anteroinferior: In front and below Anterolateral: In front and to the side Anteromedial: In front and towards the midline Posterosuperior: Behind and above Posteroinferior: Behind and below Ipsilateral: On the same side Contralateral: On the opposite side Body Regions The human body is divided into Axial and Appendicular regions: 1. Axial Skeleton: ○ Cephalic (Head): Frontal, orbital, nasal, buccal, oral, occipital. ○ Cervical (Neck): Anterior and posterior regions. ○ Trunk: Thoracic (chest), abdominal, pelvic, and back regions. 2. Appendicular Skeleton: ○ Upper Limb: Shoulder, arm, forearm, hand. ○ Lower Limb: Thigh, leg, foot. Planes of Motion & Axes of Rotation Planes of Motion ● Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right. ○ Movements: Flexion, extension. ● Frontal Plane: Divides body into front and back. ○ Movements: Abduction, adduction. ● Transverse Plane: Divides body into top and bottom. ○ Movements: Rotation, pronation, supination. Axes of Rotation Each plane has a corresponding axis of rotation: ● Frontal Axis: Runs side-to-side; perpendicular to sagittal plane. ● Sagittal Axis: Runs front-to-back; perpendicular to frontal plane. ● Vertical Axis: Runs top-to-bottom; perpendicular to transverse plane. Types of Bones Bones vary in shape and function, classified into five types: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Long Bones: Act as levers (e.g., femur, humerus). Short Bones: Provide support and stability (e.g., carpals, tarsals). Flat Bones: Protect vital organs (e.g., scapula, ribs). Irregular Bones: Have unique shapes (e.g., vertebrae). Sesamoid Bones: Embedded in tendons (e.g., patella).