University:
The University Of Western Ontario
Course:
Biology 2290F | Scientific Method in Biology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

384

Pages:

3
Author:

Kyuwon J.

Risk ● Probability that a specific action or exposure will give rise to a negative health outcome Risk factor ● Individual characteristics or behaviors that increase the likelihood that a person will suffer negative health outcome ● May occur on multiple levels ○ Genetics ○ Social economic, environment ○ Lifestyle and behaviours Risk condition ● Chronic condition that contributes to a person risk of disease disability or death ○ Overweight/obesity, pre-diabetes Multimorbidity ● Co-occurrence of two ore more chronic conditions in one person ● Having one chronic disease increase the risk that a person will develop a second chronic disease Modifiable Risk factors ● Risk factors tend to be in cluster ○ Healthy lifestyle then to exhibit across all behaviors ○ Clustering with social and economic factors- people in disadvantaged circumstances are more likely to have unhealthy lifestyles. ● Risk/protective factors may also have a synergistic relationship ○ Nutrition and Exercise consuming calcium builds bone strength exercise maintains bone strength ● It is difficult to isolate the effects of individuals risk factors ● We cannot do randomized trials on risk factors for ethical reasons ● We can do prevention trials to try and ascertain the contribution of different risk factors(smoking cessation, lifestyle modification) Modifiable Risk factor: Smoking ● Risk factors for numerous chronic disease ○ Lung cancer and other cancer types ○ Heart disease ○ Stroke ○ Chronic Respiratory disease ● Also contributes to several risk conditions ● Leads preventable cause of premature deaths ● Responsible for substantial direct and indirect costs Modifiable Risk factors: Alcohols ● Accounts for substantial direct and indirect costs ● High risk use associated with higher riske for more than 60 chronic and acute condition ○ Gastrointestinal Disease ○ Neurological Disorders ○ Cardiovascular Disease ● Approximately, half of the adverse health impacts are due to chronic disease, the other half by acute effects (violence, accidents) Modifiable Risk factors: Diet ● Consumption of fruites and vegetables often used as a proxy for overall diet queality ● People reporting lss than 5 serving of fruit and vegetables daily are considered to be at risk ● May be gender differences in diest depending on measure used ○ Women appear to consume more furits and vegetables than man serving wise ○ Man seems to consume more fruites and vegetables than women on portion size ● Estimated that diet related factors accounts for all 30% of cacner ● Poor diets is also a risk factor for numerous chornic disease ○ Heart disease ○ Stroke ● Contributes to several chronic conditions ○ Hypertensions ○ Diabetes ○ Obeseity Modifiable Risk Factor: Physical activity ● Physical inactivity classified as less than 1.5kcal.\/kg/day ● Strongly linked to numerous chronic physical and mental health conditions ● Huge economic burden of physical inactivity including both direct and indirect costs ● Inversely associated with socioeconomic status ○ Does in higher socioeconomic status does not get much physical activitity.