Gene Rep Error

How • human much Venter individual 14 ' • are Each • Each • genome bases variant 3/4 variation CNV there ? are sequence showed 1-2 million variants SNPs SNPs are CNV inversions , person have 1000 person have CNV affecting 300 variant Bacterial element in for their code : 351 of insertion own : single copy . polymorphosis nucleotide . number variation . gene of retro element . mobility . ( transposase) • makes → → Insertion sequence Transposon happen randomly moves so have less chance ' IS The range that - element could are in be moved - 2 IS two in one people Jump • . huge move Sune seance Some move DNA side by are with , sequence make one is slot of the genome to other slot of low some move - the DNA between them cant tie out of cell antibiotic resistance the genome → different effect . • when . could move random insertion as well . disturb gene mobile - . - . . . without making a copy \ virus itself . Transposeable element can novelist by leaving the site they're at and different of parasite - 2 copy side , all transposon ↳ • • to ' It two • target in allows element ( IS ) ' . cats appearing in new site Some • • sending making with move copy a of recombination of moving Retrotransposons move a copy and another location to themselves replicating always → . Hatched to DNA backbone a- RNA via • Just like retrovirus the cell reverse Retroviruses can ERV Spontaneous equilibrium favors . / = move . transcript within genome Endogenous Retrovirus tautomer:c shifts , it uses DNA copy to move around . . . . change base pairing partners . donor 0 0 o o 0 0 00 o o """ "r 3 H bond pattern - of in G :C donor and acceptors are important to H - bonding . Mismatching of acceptor and donor H - H has repulsive force among has attractive force among both 0 are acceptors O • - H . them them . A H H - has repulsive force . ☒ i. normally the bonds Example won't exist this way . of tautomerism • ☐ 00 Amide % * All four buses could tuutomerize - • Position of double bond has to It moved In equilibrium ↳ favors 0 C- ☐ Cketo) changed Spontaneous tautomer shift changes base pairing partners . end keto A A T T T A G C G C G C → T Taub mere A C G shift to imino Some mutagens DNA polymerase are tautomericully ha hard time telling , bromo uracil unstable difference unstable base in " uracil and analog 5- " bromo uracil . mutagen mispair-iny.tn other ehemiculcausemuta-h.ms#5- → → . any UV radiation causes thymine dinners that disort the helix . → Thymine gets to sticktoeuchotheratterlvvradration-T-lh.im ine . Dimers ph.to/yaJeorexcision.%ae-whi- could be repaired by light . a. ¥ mammals don't have photo base . / del In C - D t ② I ③ G y L G- C- A - - G T - - - G- - T . G C - - A A C G - - - T - - - - - A A A TEY [ G- c- A c- y y A - [ G- c- A C mutaton mechanisms T - - - - - T - A A A - - - C G C G - - - C G exhibit enticipation gets worst in suclessivegeneratioh ↳ It * the offspring has number of base pairs as parents have changes Radioactivity is a it , characteristic of unstable it it worst . passes isotopes onto kids . • 4C • • • • Decay of radioactive Iodine have Iodine Repairing is short iodine half life - and double strand breaks cesium ( tweet) concentrated into thyroid can damages , DNA creates ionizing radiation cesium ( 30 years) gland . create rearrangement . number of natron unstable and decays various ' Ionized Radiation creates ROS that . . . . translocation • Could mess up Gene regulation . . families reflect evolutionary history of relatedness . • • • got copies same order expressed in of same gone same order . Zygote brings DNA from two different parent into n cell same . n 2h Homologous chromosomes carry the same gene but different alleles • same ↳ • . banding pattern Homologous meiosis 1 , chromosome number is reduced to diploid to haploid Same in same genes . genes may be Version of ↳ alleles In - are different different . . diploid haploid → . ↳ reduction at division . places . In meiosis 11 , cells divide to give " product with HC " amount of DNA • . educational division 4 4 In animal , life cycle , the zygote divide, by • • • plants life cycle, Gametes ↳ mitosis In mitosis the zyngote and the mitosis mitosis . are spores • are mudebymeiosis ☒yÉima mitosis We . . mukÉiidiÉ from zygote single celled organism at divide by mitosis plants reproduce by mitosis ↳ makes gamete by mitosis . haploid . . In some the fungi/algae zygote divides by meiosis makesspores.hid-ded.by meiosis • * • throyhmeiosisemidia.ie/y.- Zygote goes when its body multicellular mitosis to make single celled it's organism, diploid . . < animal plant zygote Zygote/spore fungi/algae Zygote mitosis . mitosis In mitosis prophase of meiosis 1 , replicated homologous mitosis and recombine pair • meiosis . recombination is sexual ↳ invokes DNA from two different parent, from ↳ This makes zygotes ↳ put your DNA and partner DNA in same cell . same cell . . Recombination during meiosis cuts and pastes DNA backbone • . mutagenic ↳ creates new strand of DNA . riprobemureinedpeise) ↳ . = * mules after ↳ * go through females , being sexually mature makes sexual recombination experience Born with sexual ph_p meiosis experience → . gamete make . . prus-ophe-otmeio.is recombination done as , . When tert / izedthenit-mpe-esmeioo.is , of meiosis , . a fetus ( before born) . . Recombination in meiosis ¥Éy over creates could new make combination of alleles . Copy number variation ( CNV ) . ← more = Meiosis creates many variation . CNV one . once side non - disjunction results when . Mis division results when chromatids homologous fail-safe fail-safe in MH MI