Urinary System Lab

Lab. Urinary System A. – Gross Urinary Anatomy Read through pages 607-610 of your lab manual. Explore the gross anatomy of the urinary system and the kidneys as you complete the following activities 1. Complete Figures 36.1, 36.2, 36.3, and 36.5 on pages 608, 609, and 611 of your lab manuals. Figure 36.1 1.right kidney 2.right ureter 3.urinary bladder 4.urethra Figure 36.2 1.peritoneum 2.renal fascia 3.right kidney 4.renal capsule 5.adipose capsule 6.renal hilum 7.left kidney Figure 36.3 1.renal medulla 2.renal cortex 3.renal column 4.renal capsule 5.renal pyramid 6.renal papilla 7.minor calyx 8.major calyx 9.renal artery 10.renal vein 11.renal hilum 12.renal pelvis in renal sinus Figure 36.5(a & b) 1.rectum 2.anus 3.ureter 4.urinary bladder 5.ureteral opening 6.internal urethral orifice 7.prostatic urethra 8.membranous urethra 9.spongy urethra 10.external urethral orifice 11.urogenital diaphragm 12.rectum 13.anus 14.uterus 15.urinary bladder 16.internal urethral orifice 17.urethra 18.urogenital diaphragm 19.external urethral orifice 20.vagina 2. Locate major urinary system structures in the three-dimensional anatomical model located at Zygote Body. Type each structure from the list below into the search box (upper right) to locate. Use your mouse or the arrow keys (upper left) to rotate or zoom in and out. Kidney (R and L) Ureter (R and L) Bladder Urethra When you identify the bladder, look for the uterus just above the bladder. Compare their relative location. 3. Describe how the length of the urethra differs in anatomical males and females. The urethral orifice is anterior in males and inferior in females. 4. What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum? Renal veins, Renal arteries, and Ureters 5. Describe the flow of urine through the structures of the kidney to the ureter. Use as many of the terms from Figure 36.8 (p615) as apply. Nephrons->Renal pyramids -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureters B. Kidney Microanatomy Read through “Structure of the Nephron” on page 612 of your lab manual and “Function of the Nephrons” on pages 625-628 of your lab manual. 6. Complete Figure 36.6 on page 613 and Figure 37.2 on page 628 of your lab manual. Figure 36.6(a & b) 1.glomerular capsule 2.proximal convoluted tubule 3.ascending limb of loop of Henle 4.descending limb of loop of Henle 5.distal convoluted tubule 6.collecting duct 7.papillary duct 8.glomerulus 9.glomerular capsule 10.renal corpuscle 11.peritubular capillary 12.efferent arteriole 13.afferent arteriole Figure 36.7 8.segmental artery 1.afferent arteriole 9.renal artery 2.efferent arteriole 10.renal veins 3.vasa recta 11.interlobar vein 4.peritubular capillary 12.arcuate vein 13.interlobular vein 5.interlobular artery 6.arcuate artery 7.interlobar artery Read through “Histology of the Urinary System – Kidneys” on page 616 of your lab manual. 7. Complete Figure 36.9 on page 617 of your lab manual. Figure 36.9(a & b) 1.proximal and distal convoluted tubules (outer cortex) 2.glomerulus 3.loop of Henle and collecting ducts 4.glomerulus 5.parietal layer of glomerular capsule (simple squamous epithelium) 6.capsular space View the kidney slide on histologyguide.com. 8. a. Sketch a section of the slide that shows a clear renal corpuscle. (10x magnification) b. Label on your sketch: glomerulus, parietal layer of Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule, capsular space, and tubules. C. Transitional Epithelium Read “Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra” on page 618 of your lab manual. 9. Where in the urinary tract do you find transitional epithelium? The ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra contain a layer called the mucosa, which consists of transitional epithelium. 10. What is unique about the function of transitional epithelium? They become flattened when stretched. Because of the bladder holding urine it is important for the cells to be able to stretch. View the transitional epithelia slide on histologyguide.com. The left section shows relaxed epithelium, the right section shows stretched/extended epithelium. Examine the epithelial layer of each section at 40x magnification. 11. a. Sketch each section at 40x magnification. Clearly indicate which sketch is which. b. Label in each sketch: Transitional epithelium; two or three nuclei of cells in the transitional epithelium, lumen of the bladder. 12. Describe, in words, how the top (apical) layer of epithelial cells differ in each section. D. Urinalysis For this part of your lab, you will be working through a urinalysis simulation. The simulation takes the form of a slideshow. You can navigate through the slideshow using links embedded within the slides. Read through the information on urine testing as you work through the simulation. View the urinalysis simulation here: Virtual Urinalysis. The link should open in presentation view and may take a minute to load. Make sure to read each screen as you click through. 13. Work through the Macroscopic Observations part of the simulation and complete the data sheet below: MACROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS DATA SHEET Characteristic COLOR TURBIDITY ODOR Normal Value or Range Observed Results (CIRCLE ONE) Colorless Light to medium yellow Very dark yellow Red to brownish red Reddish brown to brown Greenish tint Clear Slightly cloudy Cloudy Opaque Flocculent Odorless Musty Nutty Sweet & Fruity Maple syrup Is the result NORMAL or ABNORMAL? (PICK ONE) Possible Causes (ANSWER ONLY IF RESULT IS ABNORMAL) 14. Work through the Chem Stix Urinalysis part of the simulation and complete the data sheet below: CHEMSTIX URINALYSIS DATA SHEET Characteristic Specific Gravity pH Protein Glucose Ketone Nitrite Blood Bilirubin Leukocytes Urobilinogen Normal Value or Range Measured Results Is the result NORMAL or ABNORMAL? (PICK ONE) Possible Causes (ANSWER ONLY IF RESULT IS ABNORMAL)) 15. Work through the Microscopic Observations part of the simulation and complete the data sheet below: MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS DATA SHEET Observed Characteristic Normal Value or Range Measured Results Is the result NORMAL or ABNORMAL? (PICK ONE) Possible Causes (ANSWER ONLY IF RESULT IS ABNORMAL) Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Casts Crystals Microorganisms Epithelial Cells Cancer Cells 16. What is specific gravity? How would you expect this to change in someone who is dehydrated? Explain why. 17. What does the presence of nitrites in urine indicate? 18. a. Bilirubin is normally found in what body fluid (other than blood)? b. Therefore, presence of this substance in urine may indicate a problem with what organ?